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What does the Embry study really look at?
Several items are tracked for outcomes.
The test of the experiment came by the application of a packaged program. Dr. Embry can of course explain it's origins better than I, and I can quote him from the report from time to time is challenged to. But his study, like so many before him, came partly from his own interests, and of course from exposure to the ideas and work of others that came before. His is certainly not the last of its kind, but nothing on traffic entry has been done since that I have found. The problem with street entry fatalities is still with us however. Why Embry's program has not been more widely taught is the next question to ponder. http://www.aemj.org/cgi/content/abstract/9/1/54 Current (2002) child pedestrian street fatalities. " Results: Among 693,283 crashes, 97,245 resulted in injuries to 100,261 pedestrians, of whom 32,578 were under the age of 20. Using census counts for the denominator, the overall incidence of pediatric pedestrian injuries was 246/100,000 per year, and the case fatality rate was 0.6%. Incidence rates peaked in the 6-14-year age group, and showed a modest annual decline during the study period. Younger children were more likely to be struck mid-block and during daylight hours, whereas adolescents were more likely to be struck at intersections and at night. For younger children, there was a sharp peak in incidence during the summer months. Road and weather conditions did not appear to affect injury risk. Conclusions: These results help identify priorities for child pedestrian injury prevention and education, inform public health policy, and direct emergency medical health services resource allocation. " Could it be people's resistance to any non CP alternative. A social inhibition that people practice on each other to protect and compel others in the use of spanking? Certainly peer pressure is a very real issue in the use of CP. Did Dr. Embry not carry this on further when he could? My understanding of scientific research is that more scientists need to continue to expand on the work of others for a critical mass to be reached where policies and programs will find a foothold in the world beyond academia. Or one needs considerable political pull. Some researchers do not spend much time in political involvement. Possibly a good thing. Embry touched on some limitations of the study outcome that would need to be addressed to improve the effectiveness of the program. One strongly voiced one was training trainers. And recognizing that some trainers have very special talents in acquiring a high level of competence and transference of the program from training room to "the street." I've seen this myself. Excellently conceived and proven programs that did not go anywhere because of bad luck in finding and training skilled trainers. They don't come cheap. Another issue Embry mentions is the conversion from a package that was more suited to white collar workers over to working class and poor. Literacy issues were addressed. But did his program package work? He claims it did. He provides the data to support that claim. His methods appeared to be highly disciplined for the kind of experiment study it was. The home and street are not a close laboratory. And his observers, just as I had to as a student on similar assignments, had to accommodate to an uncontrolled environment. I counted certain behaviors in studies of social behaviors of Rhesus monkeys in large compounds with other research going on nearby. His observers had to contend with not only the subjects, the child and the mother, but with other children of all ages. Never the less, barring access to his notes and collection sheets, the results he showed in his charts that indicated such things as number of observations proved telling when considering his claims. A reduction in unwanted behaviors of both the child and the parent, and an increase in desired behaviors. Both at considerably high rates. Many fewer absences of the parent from being with the child for supervision. Many more instances of the parent applying the trained program content. A healthy reduction in street entries, the key goal. Reducing the risk of injury and death by traffic to the young child. The testing of the Say-Do concept, the reduction in reprimands and the non-cp punishments. The use of TOs to do the very thing that mothers have always told a child to do in time out, "Sit there and think about what you did and what you should have done instead" nicely boiled down to "Sit and Watch." The next step is to see if more folks can find access to this program. It's certainly still out there in workbook and trainer form. And finally, the study makes clear that nothing beats parental direct contact supervision for lowering risk of traffic fatality and injury...even though it does not study this as a separate issue. My own response to people that would answer me when I asked why they spanked to teach their child to not run into traffic was this: If they are too young to understand the concept of safety then they are too young to understand the concept of spanking to teach them to stay out of traffic. Each is too complex an association. The next question, usually with a bit of huffing and puffing, or sometimes with that knowing sneer you read easily into some posters here, is 'well then what?' The answer of course. Don't let your preschool age children play unattended by the street. Who's in charge? Does pain really teach the child to stay away from the street, or does it not connect like the non-cp Embry program can and did? Too much trouble? What's your child's life worth? Kane -- "Democracy is two wolves and a lamb voting on what to have for lunch. Liberty is a well armed lamb contesting the vote." - Benjamin Franklin |
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