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Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation
http://ilenarose.blogspot.com
Health Lover www.BreastImplantAwareness.org/ Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation originally published as the Forword to A Consumer Guide for the Chemically Sensitive (self-published by the authors) in 1982. By Debra Lynn Dadd and Alan S. Levin, M.D. Multiple chemical sensitivities is an illness involving intolerance of certain chemicals found in the everyday environment. It is often referred to as a new type of allergy, and is popularly known a variety of names: environmental illness, ecologic illness, immunotoxic syndrome, total allergy syndrome, cerebral allergy, or bioecologic illness. Doctors who treat this disorder practice Environmental Medicine, Clinical Ecology, Ecologic Medicine, or Bioecologic Medicine. Many physicians argue that multiple chemical sensitivities are not an allergy at all, because reactions are not mediated by the same system that causes traditional allergic reactions to pollens, dust, animal dander, and molds. Technically they are correct; we now know that multiple chemical sensitivities are the result of a different malfunction of the immune system, recognized as a new and distinct disorder known as "immune system dysregulation." The traditional concept of allergy associates only a few specific symptoms with a limited number of natural inhalants. In immune system dysregulation, the immune system similarly loses its ability to suppress unnecessary reactions, yet a much wider range of complex symptoms results, involving a variety of organ systems. Furthermore, these responses occur to a greater number of substances, including certain toxic chemicals as well as foods and natural inhalants. The most extreme manifestation of immune system dysregulation is universal reactivity to everything in the external environment, and even to the body's own tissues and organs. SYMPTOMS A substance can provoke any one or more of a number of symptoms in an individual, including traditional "allergic" nasal stuffiness, wheezing, sneezing, asthma, chronic sore throat, postnasal drip, laryngitis, itching eyes, hives, and rashes. In addition, gastrointestinal disturbances such as gastric irritation, bloating, intermittent constipation or diarrhea, hemorrhoids, or anal bleeding may occur. Musculoskeletal aches, pains, or twitching, and arthritis or rheumatism are some other common reactions, as well as problems in a host of other body systems, such as frequent or painful urination, menstrual cramps, body or breath odors, metallic aftertaste, sensitivity to light, visual disturbances, and ringing in the ears. The most surprising and dramatic documented environmentally-induced symptoms by far are the cerebral and behavioral reactions. These include migraine headaches, fatigue, dizziness, learning disabilities, confusion, inability to concentrate, lack of motivation, memory loss, and dyslexia. Personality changes, mood swings, hyperactivity and depression are also common. In addition, another common behavioral symptom is insatiable hunger, leading to incessant eating and often to obesity. Addictions to specific foods, such as wheat, corn, sugar, coffee, and chocolate can also develop, as well as addictions to alcoholic beverages, drugs, tobacco, and even some common chemical vapors, such as perfume, hairspray, or glue. The same immune system dysregulation which causes multiple chemical sensitivities is also believed by some scientists to be the predecessor for such diseases as hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery disease, and cancer. Immune system dysregulation may also be directly responsible for certain symptoms associated with other diseases such as infectious hepatitis, herpes, and infectious mononucleosis. In addition, immune system dysregulation reduces the immune system's ability to fight infection, leaving the body vulnerable to various illnesses caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. DEVELOPMENT AND DIAGNOSIS Immune system dysregulation can develop over a long period of time due to repeated infectious diseases, continuous stress, and/or cumulative exposure to toxic chemicals, even at the low levels found in our everyday environment. It can also be triggered by ail single serious viral infection, major stress, or massive chemical exposure. Immune system dysregulation often remains undiagnosed, however, because manv phvsicians, faced with its incredible array of seemingly unrelated symptoms, and unfamiiliar with the available diagnostic methods, rnisdiagnose it "stress", "psychosomatic disease," or the like. The medications commonly prescribed for these problems may suppress the symptoms to some extent, but often further aggravate the problem without dealing with the underlying disease process at all. HOW THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WORKS It is important to comprehend how the immune system works in order to understand how a simple malfunction can lead to such complex reactivity and symptomatology. The immune system is the body's basic defense against disease, providing protection by recognizing dangerous bacteria or viruses which enter the body and rendering them harmless. It works mainly through three kinds of white blood cells: B cells from the bone marrow, T cells from the thymus, and macrophages from the bone marrow and spleen. B cells produce antibodies, proteins which circulate in the bloodstream, locating and identifying foreign substances, which are called antigens. When an antigen enters the body, B cells spring into action, and produce specific antibodies which attach to the antigens to form immune complexes. B cells are capable of producing a broad range of specific antibodies which identify and bind not only to disease producing viruses and fungi, but to non-disease producing antigens as well. B cells are always ready to respond to foreign substances: left to function on their own, they would continuously and indiscriminately produce antibodies to all antigens, whether harmless or dangerous. T cells control the B cells. When a harmless substance enters the body, the T cells signal the B cells to suppress antibody production, yet when a dangerous substance enters and must be eliminated, the T cells allow antibody production at a controlled rate and only until no more are needed. T cells can be programmed through vaccination or immunization to allow antibody production to previously unfamiliar but harmful antigens such as smallpox or polio. Conversely, allergy shots or other immunostimulation techniques can program T cells to recognize harmless antigens and to suppress production of their antibodies. The macrophages filter the immune complexes (formed by the combination of foreign antigens with antibodies from the B cells) from the blood and digest them into their component parts: proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. These components can then be either utilized as nutrients or eliminated through the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract. The inherent capacity of the macrophage system for processing immune complexes varies among different individuals, and is determined by heredity. When a harmful antigen, such as a flu virus, enters the body, the T cells allow the B cells to produce flu virus antibodies and attach them to the flu virus antigens. After the resulting immune complexes have been filtered out and digested by the macrophages, the body has been effectively protected. When a substance such as wheat enters, which the body does not need to be protected from, the T cells prevent the B cells from producing wheat antibodies. This same immune system mechanism which protects the body from disease can, when malfunctioning, cause a broad range of symptoms in reaction to a number of harmless or even beneficial substances entering the body. This malfunction commonly originates when the T cells are damaged by toxic chemicals, stress, and/or infectious disease. When the normal complement of T cells is reduced in number, or when their ability to function is impaired, they can no longer adequately control B cell production of antibodies. Without this control, the B cells cannot distinguish harmless dust, pollen, or animal hair, or vital and nutritious foods, from toxic chemicals or life threatening bacteria or viruses. They react by producing antibodies to all foreign substances indiscriminately at an uncontrolled rate. Sometimes even autoantibodies, which are antibodies directed against the body's own tissues, are produced. Unlimited antibody production leads to the formation of larger quantities of immune complexes than the macrophages can process. When the macrophages become overloaded, the excess immune complexes are discharged into the bloodstream. These circulating immune complexes can then cause symptoms in any part of the body fed by an artery or capillary. REVERSING THE CONDITION This disease process can be effectively reversed by protecting the T cells from stressful factors, allowing them to regenerate naturally and resume their normal regulatory function. The most effective way to accomplish this is a comprehensive reduction of all possible stresses on the immune system, both physiological and psychological. Approaches to consider include the following: * Attitude - Develop a positive, productive attitude towards life; cultivate a sense of responsibility and purpose, and seek socially effective activities and interaction. * Stress - Develop proper stress management techniques, and make life changes necessary to reduce unwanted stress. * Chemicals - Minimize exposure to toxic chemicals in air, foods, and water. Live, eat, and work in the cleanest environment possible. Avoid cigarette smoke particularly. * Exercise - Include a program of regular exercise. * Light - Ensure adequate exposure to the benefits of natural light. Conventional fluorescent lights are a stress for many with multiple chemical sensitivities. * Harmful disease agents - Exposure to infectious bacteria, viruses and fungi (particularly Candida albicans) should be avoided. Effective treatment should be instituted for any existing disorders from these agents. If you must be treated with antibiotics, be sure to ask your doctor for an antifungal as well, to maintain proper balance among intestinal flora. Have gamma globuen injections if you have been exposed to mononucleosis or hepatitis. Avoid herpes infections. * Food and nutrition - Obtain proper nutrition and avoid chemical contaminants by eating a balanced diet of whole, naturally produced foods. Avoid those foods which cause reactions, and rotate foods to avoid development of new sensitivities. Use nutritional supplements if individual needs exceed nutrients available from tolerated foods. Remember that individuals with immune system problems often require more of particular nutrients than the norm. * Immunostimulation techniques - These include specific antigen therapy (allergy shots) or nonspecific immunologic enhancement using Transfer factor, Interferon, or Thymosin. THE HEALING PROCESS The actual healing process from immune system dysregulation is long, slow, and punctuated by exasperating short-term setbacks. These setbacks are inevitable, as the healing process invariably follows a "roller coaster" pattern. The frequency, duration, and severity of setbacks gradually diminishes until symptoms are mild and occur only occasionally. After recovery has begun, an individual will often begin to notice adverse reactions to substances which previously caused no problems, such as diesel fumes, air pollution, or fabric finishes. This phenomenon, known as "masking", occurs when the elimination of dominant exposures allows underlying sensitivities to become temporarily more acute. This is to be expected; though it is sometimes perceived as an increase of symptoms or severity of the disease, it is, in fact, an indication of improvement. Another aspect of the healing process is the experience of withdrawal from previously unrecognized addictions. As in any traditional addiction, the feeling of well being is maintained only through continual re-exposure to the addicting agent. Upon avoidance, this feeling of well being gives way to various symptoms, some of which may be rather severe. This withdrawal may be experienced from a remarkably wide variety of substances, including coffee, tobacco, alcoholic beverages, many foods, and even some common chemicals. It is not uncommon, for instance, to find an individual who is "addicted to his work," the painter who "feels miserable" on weekends, or the printer who stays drunk all during his vacation. Generally, however, withdrawal symptoms last for only three to five days and then. if the individual can avoid succumbing to temptation, the symptoms are relieved. After having abstained for long periods, a formerly addicted individual will usually have immediate and severe symptoms upon re-exposure to the addicting agent, whether it be paint, cigarettes, or wheat. Rebuilding the immune system and regaining tolerance to chemicals and other substances in the environment is a gradual process which may take one or two years. During this time, avoidance of disease causing agents and stress are crucial, but perhaps the most important requisite for recovery is avoidance of the toxic chemicals found in the everyday environment. Even the elimination of a single significant chemical exposure (i.e., gas heat, smoking, or perfume) may immediately reduce symptoms and allow the healing process to begin, but it is the continuous protection of the immune system from chemical exposures of all kinds which will allow tolerance and health to be regained. Remember, however, that once the immune system has been damaged, it will always remain vulnerable. Regardless of the level of tolerance achieved, chemically sensitive individuals should continue to minimize chemical exposures throughout their lives. Once health is restored, occasional chemical exposures can be tolerated, given an overall nontoxic lifestyle. The proper balance must be maintained between these greater exposures and a generally low baseline level of exposure, so that the immune system is wt overloaded to the point of malfunctioning. For instance, if you must live in the city and work in a toxic, poorly ventilated office environment, you should spend as many breaks and lunch periods as possible away from smoke-filled coffee rooms and outside in clean air--in a park, on a roof garden, anywhere where you can breathe fresh outdoor air. You should also live in as clean a house and location as possible, and leave the city for unpolluted air whenever you can. If you suffer a major exposure, such as being trapped behind a diesel truck in a traffic jam for an extended period, you may require several hours at the beach breathing clean air. It is very likely that many individuals are needlessly suffering from immune system dysregulation, without knowing about the disease or its symptoms. Because anyone is susceptible to this illness, it is beneficial for everyone to minimize exposure to toxic chemicals. 1. Biological Relevance of Immune Suppression as Induced by Genetic, Therapeutic and Environmental Factors, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 135 West 50th Street, NY, NY 10020 2. Inadvertant Modification of the Immune Response: The Effects of Foods, Drugs and Environmental Contaminants, Proc. F.D.A. - 4th Science Symposium, Aug. 28-30, 1978 3. "Assessment of Environmental Contaminant-Induced Lymphocyte Dysfunction," L.D. Loose, Environmental Health Perspectives 12 105-128, 1981 4. "Environmental Chemical Induced Macrophage Dysfunction", L.D. Loose, J.B. Silkworth, T. Charbonneau and F. Blumenstock, Environmental Health Perspectives 39 79-91, 1981 |
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Multiple Chemical Sensitivities Caused By Child Abuse
Ilena Rose wrote:
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation originally published as the Forword to A Consumer Guide for the Chemically Sensitive (self-published by the authors) in 1982. Much more reliable are peer-reviewed studies published in reputable journals. 1982 was before the study which showed that many cases of MCS are caused by childhood sexual abuse. Ann Allergy 1993 Dec;71(6):538-46 Adult sequelae of childhood abuse presenting as environmental illness. Staudenmayer H, Selner ME, Selner JC. Allergy Respiratory Institute of Colorado, Denver 80222. Sixty-three patients with polysomatic complaints attributed to sensitivity to environmental chemicals had detailed clinical assessments and diagnostic psychologic evaluations. Objective medical parameters failed to substantiate their beliefs that multiple chemicals were the cause of their problems. A group of 64 patients with chronic medical conditions and defined psychologic disorders not attributed to chemical exposure served as controls. Approximately half the patients in each group underwent long-term psychotherapy, and in these patients, the prevalence of physical and sexual childhood abuse was significantly higher (P .05) among the cohort of women who attributed their symptoms to environmental or chemically related illness. These data suggest that somatization may reflect sequelae of childhood abuse and may play an important role in the illness experienced by women who believe they are sensitive to environmental chemicals. |
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MCS Is Distress Expressed As Somatization
Ilena Rose wrote:
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation originally published as the Forword to A Consumer Guide for the Chemically Sensitive (self-published by the authors) in 1982. Much more reliable are peer-reviewed studies published in reputable journals. J Psychosom Res. 2007 Jan;62(1):61-72. MMPI-2 validity, clinical and content scales, and the Fake Bad Scale for personal injury litigants claiming idiopathic environmental intolerance. Staudenmayer H, Phillips S. Behavioral Medicine Clinic, Denver, CO, USA. BACKGROUND: Idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) is a descriptor for nonspecific complaints that are attributed to environmental exposure. METHODS: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2) was administered to 50 female and 20 male personal injury litigants alleging IEI. RESULTS: The validity scales indicated no overreporting of psychopathology. Half of the cases had elevated scores on validity scales suggesting defensiveness, and a large number had elevations on Fake Bad Scale (FBS) suggesting overreporting of unauthenticated symptoms. The average T-score profile for females was defined by the two-point code type 3-1 (Hysteria-Hypochondriasis), and the average T-score profile for males was defined by the three-point code type 3-1-2 (Hysteria, Hypochondriasis-Depression). On the content scales, Health Concerns (HEA) scale was significantly elevated. CONCLUSION: Idiopathic environmental intolerance litigants (a) are more defensive about expressing psychopathology, (b) express distress through somatization, (c) use a self-serving misrepresentation of exaggerated health concerns, and (d) may exaggerate unauthenticated symptoms suggesting malingering. |
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Multiple Chemical Sensitivities Associated With Psychosis
Ilena Rose wrote:
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation originally published as the Forword to A Consumer Guide for the Chemically Sensitive (self-published by the authors) in 1982. Much more reliable are peer-reviewed studies published in reputable journals. J Occup Environ Med. 2006 Jan;48(1):76-82. New aspects of psychiatric morbidity in idiopathic environmental intolerances. Hausteiner C, Mergeay A, Bornschein S, Zilker T, Forstl H. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany. OBJECTIVE: To understand idiopathic environmental intolerances (IEI)-formerly multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS)-it is helpful to outline its characteristic psychiatric morbidity. METHOD: We applied a standardized interview according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (SCID) to 305 environmental patients with and without IEI. RESULTS: Somatoform, affective and anxiety disorders were the most frequent diagnoses but only slightly differed between patients with or without IEI. In both groups, current substance-related disorders were rare. We found a clearly higher prevalence of psychotic, especially current delusional disorders, in IEI. CONCLUSION: Somatization, depression, and anxiety are frequent in IEI but nonspecific. Psychotic disorders are more common in IEI than in other types of environmental illness. It appears worthwhile to study personality and cognitive style to explain the pivotal features of IEI. |
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MCS Patients Have Moderate Psychopathology
Ilena Rose wrote:
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation originally published as the Forword to A Consumer Guide for the Chemically Sensitive (self-published by the authors) in 1982. Much more reliable are peer-reviewed studies published in reputable journals. J Psychosom Res. 2006 Feb;60(2):199-209. Chemosensory function and psychological profile in patients with multiple chemical sensitivity: comparison with odor-sensitive and asymptomatic controls. Papo D, Eberlein-Konig B, Berresheim HW, Huss-Marp J, Grimm V, Ring J, Behrendt H, Winneke G. Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergology, GSF/TUM, Neuherberg-Munich, Germany. OBJECTIVE: We addressed the question if patients with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) differ from participants with self-reported odor sensitivity without MCS and asymptomatic controls in terms of chemosensory, cognitive, and clinical psychological endpoints. METHODS: In a clinical study 23 MCS patients, 21 participants with self-reported odor sensitivity, and 23 controls were investigated using electrophysiological and psychophysical olfactometric tests [chemosensory-event-related potentials (CSERP), olfactory thresholds, odor identification, trigeminal sensitivity]. The participants filled in a mood list, a list of complaints (BL), a Symptom Check List, a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and an MCS questionnaire. RESULTS: The olfactometric investigations revealed no significant differences between the groups. The MCS group reached significantly higher scores on negative mood states following odorant exposure, on health complaints, global indices, and the somatization subscale of the Symptom Check List, trait and state anxiety and symptoms, and triggering matters of the MCS questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal that neither olfactory functions, nor chemosensory or cognitive olfactory information processing are impaired in MCS patients. They rather support findings of altered psychological profile and moderate psychopathology. |
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MCS Only Occurs When Chemicals Can Be Smelled
Ilena Rose wrote:
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation originally published as the Forword to A Consumer Guide for the Chemically Sensitive (self-published by the authors) in 1982. Much more reliable are peer-reviewed studies published in reputable journals. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Dec;118(6):1257-64. Multiple chemical sensitivities: A systematic review of provocation studies. Das-Munshi J, Rubin GJ, Wessely S. Section of Epidemiology, Institute of Psychiatry, London. A systematic review of provocation studies of persons reporting multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS) was conducted from databases searched from inception to May 2006. Thirty-seven studies were identified, testing 784 persons reporting MCS, 547 control subjects, and 180 individuals of whom a subset were chemically sensitive. Blinding was inadequate in most studies. In 21 studies odors of chemicals were probably apparent; 19 of these reported positive responses to provocations among chemically sensitive individuals, and 1 study demonstrated that negative expectations were significantly associated with increased symptom reporting after provocations. Seven studies used chemicals at or below odor thresholds, and 6 failed to show consistent responses among sensitive individuals after active provocation. Six studies used forced-choice discrimination and demonstrated that chemically sensitive individuals were not better at detecting odor thresholds than nonsensitive participants. Three studies tested individuals by using nose clips/face masks and confirmed response, possibly mediated through eye exposure. Three studies used olfactory masking agents to conceal stimuli, and none of these found associations between provocations and response. We conclude that persons with MCS do react to chemical challenges; however, these responses occur when they can discern differences between active and sham substances, suggesting that the mechanism of action is not specific to the chemical itself and might be related to expectations and prior beliefs. |
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75% of MCS Patients Have Another Psychiatric Disorder
Ilena Rose wrote:
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation originally published as the Forword to A Consumer Guide for the Chemically Sensitive (self-published by the authors) in 1982. Much more reliable are peer-reviewed studies published in reputable journals. Psychol Med 2002 Nov;32(8):1387-94 Psychiatric and somatic disorders and multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) in 264 'environmental patients'. Bornschein S, Hausteiner C, Zilker T, Forstl H. Psychiatric Clinic and Department of Toxicology, I, Medical Clinic, Technical University of Munich, Germany. BACKGROUND: An increasing number of individuals with diverse health complaints are currently seeking help in the field of environmental medicine. Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) or idiopathic environmental intolerances (IEI) is defined as an acquired disorder with multiple recurrent symptoms associated with environmental chemicals in low concentrations that are well tolerated by the majority of people. Their symptoms are not explained by any known psychiatric or somatic disorder. METHOD: Within a 2-year period we examined 264 of 267 consecutive patients prospectively presenting to a university based out-patient department for environmental medicine. Patients underwent routine medical examination, toxicological analysis and the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV psychiatric disorders (SCID). RESULTS: Seventy-five per cent of the patients met DSM-IV criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder and 35% of all patients suffered from somatoform disorders. Other frequent diagnoses were affective and anxiety disorders, and dependence or substance abuse. In 39% a psychiatric disorder, in 23% a somatic condition and in 19% a combination of the two were considered to provide sufficient explanation of the symptoms. Toxic chemicals were regarded as the most probable cause in only five cases. The suspected diagnosis of MCS/IEI could not be sustained in the vast majority of cases. CONCLUSION: This investigation confirms previous findings that psychiatric morbidity is high in patients presenting to specialized centres for environmental medicine. Somatoform disorders are the leading diagnostic category, and there is reason to believe that certain 'environmental' or MCS patients form a special subgroup of somatoform disorders. In most cases, symptoms can be explained by well-defined psychiatric and medical conditions other than MCS, which need specific treatment. Further studies should focus on provocation testing in order to find positive criteria for MCS and on therapeutic approaches that consider psychiatric aspects. |
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81.2% Of MCS Patients Have Long-Standing Psychiatric Disorders
Ilena Rose wrote:
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation originally published as the Forword to A Consumer Guide for the Chemically Sensitive (self-published by the authors) in 1982. Much more reliable are peer-reviewed studies published in reputable journals. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2006 Mar-Apr;56(3-4):162-71. [Psychiatric disorders of environmental outpatients--results of the standardized psychiatric interview (CIDI) from the German multi-center study on Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS)] [Article in German] Dietel A, Jordan L, Muhlinghaus T, Eikmann TF, Herr CE, Nowak D, Pedrosa Gil F, Podoll K, Wiesmuller GA, Eis D. Robert Koch-Institut, Fachgebiet 22/Umweltmedizin, Berlin. BACKGROUND: A nationwide, environmental outpatient-based multi-center two-phase study on Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) was conducted from 1999 until 2004. The aim of the study was to characterize more precisely the health-complaints relevant for the MCS-phenomenon. A standardized psychiatric interview (CIDI), used to identify frequency, character and duration of psychiatric disorders and their chronological relation to the environment-related health complaints of the patients, formed part of the extensive diagnostic procedure. METHOD: 251 (86.3%) of the 291 attendees of the environmental outpatient departments in Aachen, Berlin, Bredstedt, Freiburg, Giessen and Munich, were examined using the German version (M-CIDI/DIA-X) of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: 83.7% (lifetime prevalence rate) fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of at least one psychiatric disorder, with the 12-month and 4-week prevalence rates being 76.5% and 64.5%, respectively. Environmental outpatients, in all prevalence periods, had significantly higher rates of psychiatric disorders than the comparable general population. Somatoform disorders were most frequently diagnosed, followed by depressive and phobic disorders. For 81.2% of the patients the psychiatric disorder started long before the environment-related health complaints (average 17 years). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the results of earlier studies, i.e. that patients with environment-related health complaints suffer from psychiatric disorders more frequently than the general population. The high environmental outpatients really suffer from psychosomatic complaints, but attribute the causes to the environment. Application of specific therapeutic regimen is recommended for those patients, whose psychiatric disorders are safeguarded diagnostically and for whom a relevant exposure is unlikely. |
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Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation
From: Ilena Rose
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2008 18:46:26 -0600 Local: Mon, Nov 24 2008 7:46 pm Subject: Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation http://ilenarose.blogspot.com Health Lover www.BreastImplantAwareness.org/ Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation originally published as the Forword to A Consumer Guide for the Chemically Sensitive (self-published by the authors) in 1982. By Debra Lynn Dadd and Alan S. Levin, M.D. Multiple chemical sensitivities is an illness involving intolerance of certain chemicals found in the everyday environment. It is often referred to as a new type of allergy, and is popularly known a variety of names: environmental illness, ecologic illness, immunotoxic syndrome, total allergy syndrome, cerebral allergy, or bioecologic illness. Doctors who treat this disorder practice Environmental Medicine, Clinical Ecology, Ecologic Medicine, or Bioecologic Medicine. Many physicians argue that multiple chemical sensitivities are not an allergy at all, because reactions are not mediated by the same system that causes traditional allergic reactions to pollens, dust, animal dander, and molds. Technically they are correct; we now know that multiple chemical sensitivities are the result of a different malfunction of the immune system, recognized as a new and distinct disorder known as "immune system dysregulation." The traditional concept of allergy associates only a few specific symptoms with a limited number of natural inhalants. In immune system dysregulation, the immune system similarly loses its ability to suppress unnecessary reactions, yet a much wider range of complex symptoms results, involving a variety of organ systems. Furthermore, these responses occur to a greater number of substances, including certain toxic chemicals as well as foods and natural inhalants. The most extreme manifestation of immune system dysregulation is universal reactivity to everything in the external environment, and even to the body's own tissues and organs. SYMPTOMS A substance can provoke any one or more of a number of symptoms in an individual, including traditional "allergic" nasal stuffiness, wheezing, sneezing, asthma, chronic sore throat, postnasal drip, laryngitis, itching eyes, hives, and rashes. In addition, gastrointestinal disturbances such as gastric irritation, bloating, intermittent constipation or diarrhea, hemorrhoids, or anal bleeding may occur. Musculoskeletal aches, pains, or twitching, and arthritis or rheumatism are some other common reactions, as well as problems in a host of other body systems, such as frequent or painful urination, menstrual cramps, body or breath odors, metallic aftertaste, sensitivity to light, visual disturbances, and ringing in the ears. The most surprising and dramatic documented environmentally-induced symptoms by far are the cerebral and behavioral reactions. These include migraine headaches, fatigue, dizziness, learning disabilities, confusion, inability to concentrate, lack of motivation, memory loss, and dyslexia. Personality changes, mood swings, hyperactivity and depression are also common. In addition, another common behavioral symptom is insatiable hunger, leading to incessant eating and often to obesity. Addictions to specific foods, such as wheat, corn, sugar, coffee, and chocolate can also develop, as well as addictions to alcoholic beverages, drugs, tobacco, and even some common chemical vapors, such as perfume, hairspray, or glue. The same immune system dysregulation which causes multiple chemical sensitivities is also believed by some scientists to be the predecessor for such diseases as hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery disease, and cancer. Immune system dysregulation may also be directly responsible for certain symptoms associated with other diseases such as infectious hepatitis, herpes, and infectious mononucleosis. In addition, immune system dysregulation reduces the immune system's ability to fight infection, leaving the body vulnerable to various illnesses caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. DEVELOPMENT AND DIAGNOSIS Immune system dysregulation can develop over a long period of time due to repeated infectious diseases, continuous stress, and/or cumulative exposure to toxic chemicals, even at the low levels found in our everyday environment. It can also be triggered by ail single serious viral infection, major stress, or massive chemical exposure. Immune system dysregulation often remains undiagnosed, however, because manv phvsicians, faced with its incredible array of seemingly unrelated symptoms, and unfamiiliar with the available diagnostic methods, rnisdiagnose it "stress", "psychosomatic disease," or the like. The medications commonly prescribed for these problems may suppress the symptoms to some extent, but often further aggravate the problem without dealing with the underlying disease process at all. HOW THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WORKS It is important to comprehend how the immune system works in order to understand how a simple malfunction can lead to such complex reactivity and symptomatology. The immune system is the body's basic defense against disease, providing protection by recognizing dangerous bacteria or viruses which enter the body and rendering them harmless. It works mainly through three kinds of white blood cells: B cells from the bone marrow, T cells from the thymus, and macrophages from the bone marrow and spleen. B cells produce antibodies, proteins which circulate in the bloodstream, locating and identifying foreign substances, which are called antigens. When an antigen enters the body, B cells spring into action, and produce specific antibodies which attach to the antigens to form immune complexes. B cells are capable of producing a broad range of specific antibodies which identify and bind not only to disease producing viruses and fungi, but to non-disease producing antigens as well. B cells are always ready to respond to foreign substances: left to function on their own, they would continuously and indiscriminately produce antibodies to all antigens, whether harmless or dangerous. T cells control the B cells. When a harmless substance enters the body, the T cells signal the B cells to suppress antibody production, yet when a dangerous substance enters and must be eliminated, the T cells allow antibody production at a controlled rate and only until no more are needed. T cells can be programmed through vaccination or immunization to allow antibody production to previously unfamiliar but harmful antigens such as smallpox or polio. Conversely, allergy shots or other immunostimulation techniques can program T cells to recognize harmless antigens and to suppress production of their antibodies. The macrophages filter the immune complexes (formed by the combination of foreign antigens with antibodies from the B cells) from the blood and digest them into their component parts: proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. These components can then be either utilized as nutrients or eliminated through the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract. The inherent capacity of the macrophage system for processing immune complexes varies among different individuals, and is determined by heredity. When a harmful antigen, such as a flu virus, enters the body, the T cells allow the B cells to produce flu virus antibodies and attach them to the flu virus antigens. After the resulting immune complexes have been filtered out and digested by the macrophages, the body has been effectively protected. When a substance such as wheat enters, which the body does not need to be protected from, the T cells prevent the B cells from producing wheat antibodies. This same immune system mechanism which protects the body from disease can, when malfunctioning, cause a broad range of symptoms in reaction to a number of harmless or even beneficial substances entering the body. This malfunction commonly originates when the T cells are damaged by toxic chemicals, stress, and/or infectious disease. When the normal complement of T cells is reduced in number, or when their ability to function is impaired, they can no longer adequately control B cell production of antibodies. Without this control, the B cells cannot distinguish harmless dust, pollen, or animal hair, or vital and nutritious foods, from toxic chemicals or life threatening bacteria or viruses. They react by producing antibodies to all foreign substances indiscriminately at an uncontrolled rate. Sometimes even autoantibodies, which are antibodies directed against the body's own tissues, are produced. Unlimited antibody production leads to the formation of larger quantities of immune complexes than the macrophages can process. When the macrophages become overloaded, the excess immune complexes are discharged into the bloodstream. These circulating immune complexes can then cause symptoms in any part of the body fed by an artery or capillary. REVERSING THE CONDITION This disease process can be effectively reversed by protecting the T cells from stressful factors, allowing them to regenerate naturally and resume their normal regulatory function. The most effective way to accomplish this is a comprehensive reduction of all possible stresses on the immune system, both physiological and psychological. Approaches to consider include the following: * Attitude - Develop a positive, productive attitude towards life; cultivate a sense of responsibility and purpose, and seek socially effective activities and interaction. * Stress - Develop proper stress management techniques, and make life changes necessary to reduce unwanted stress. * Chemicals - Minimize exposure to toxic chemicals in air, foods, and water. Live, eat, and work in the cleanest environment possible. Avoid cigarette smoke particularly. * Exercise - Include a program of regular exercise. * Light - Ensure adequate exposure to the benefits of natural light. Conventional fluorescent lights are a stress for many with multiple chemical sensitivities. * Harmful disease agents - Exposure to infectious bacteria, viruses and fungi (particularly Candida albicans) should be avoided. Effective treatment should be instituted for any existing disorders from these agents. If you must be treated with antibiotics, be sure to ask your doctor for an antifungal as well, to maintain proper balance among intestinal flora. Have gamma globuen injections if you have been exposed to mononucleosis or hepatitis. Avoid herpes infections. * Food and nutrition - Obtain proper nutrition and avoid chemical contaminants by eating a balanced diet of whole, naturally produced foods. Avoid those foods which cause reactions, and rotate foods to avoid development of new sensitivities. Use nutritional supplements if individual needs exceed nutrients available from tolerated foods. Remember that individuals with immune system problems often require more of particular nutrients than the norm. * Immunostimulation techniques - These include specific antigen therapy (allergy shots) or nonspecific immunologic enhancement using Transfer factor, Interferon, or Thymosin. THE HEALING PROCESS The actual healing process from immune system dysregulation is long, slow, and punctuated by exasperating short-term setbacks. These setbacks are inevitable, as the healing process invariably follows a "roller coaster" pattern. The frequency, duration, and severity of setbacks gradually diminishes until symptoms are mild and occur only occasionally. After recovery has begun, an individual will often begin to notice adverse reactions to substances which previously caused no problems, such as diesel fumes, air pollution, or fabric finishes. This phenomenon, known as "masking", occurs when the elimination of dominant exposures allows underlying sensitivities to become temporarily more acute. This is to be expected; though it is sometimes perceived as an increase of symptoms or severity of the disease, it is, in fact, an indication of improvement. Another aspect of the healing process is the experience of withdrawal from previously unrecognized addictions. As in any traditional addiction, the feeling of well being is maintained only through continual re-exposure to the addicting agent. Upon avoidance, this feeling of well being gives way to various symptoms, some of which may be rather severe. This withdrawal may be experienced from a remarkably wide variety of substances, including coffee, tobacco, alcoholic beverages, many foods, and even some common chemicals. It is not uncommon, for instance, to find an individual who is "addicted to his work," the painter who "feels miserable" on weekends, or the printer who stays drunk all during his vacation. Generally, however, withdrawal symptoms last for only three to five days and then. if the individual can avoid succumbing to temptation, the symptoms are relieved. After having abstained for long periods, a formerly addicted individual will usually have immediate and severe symptoms upon re-exposure to the addicting agent, whether it be paint, cigarettes, or wheat. Rebuilding the immune system and regaining tolerance to chemicals and other substances in the environment is a gradual process which may take one or two years. During this time, avoidance of disease causing agents and stress are crucial, but perhaps the most important requisite for recovery is avoidance of the toxic chemicals found in the everyday environment. Even the elimination of a single significant chemical exposure (i.e., gas heat, smoking, or perfume) may immediately reduce symptoms and allow the healing process to begin, but it is the continuous protection of the immune system from chemical exposures of all kinds which will allow tolerance and health to be regained. Remember, however, that once the immune system has been damaged, it will always remain vulnerable. Regardless of the level of tolerance achieved, chemically sensitive individuals should continue to minimize chemical exposures throughout their lives. Once health is restored, occasional chemical exposures can be tolerated, given an overall nontoxic lifestyle. The proper balance must be maintained between these greater exposures and a generally low baseline level of exposure, so that the immune system is wt overloaded to the point of malfunctioning. For instance, if you must live in the city and work in a toxic, poorly ventilated office environment, you should spend as many breaks and lunch periods as possible away from smoke-filled coffee rooms and outside in clean air--in a park, on a roof garden, anywhere where you can breathe fresh outdoor air. You should also live in as clean a house and location as possible, and leave the city for unpolluted air whenever you can. If you suffer a major exposure, such as being trapped behind a diesel truck in a traffic jam for an extended period, you may require several hours at the beach breathing clean air. It is very likely that many individuals are needlessly suffering from immune system dysregulation, without knowing about the disease or its symptoms. Because anyone is susceptible to this illness, it is beneficial for everyone to minimize exposure to toxic chemicals. 1. Biological Relevance of Immune Suppression as Induced by Genetic, Therapeutic and Environmental Factors, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 135 West 50th Street, NY, NY 10020 2. Inadvertant Modification of the Immune Response: The Effects of Foods, Drugs and Environmental Contaminants, Proc. F.D.A. - 4th Science Symposium, Aug. 28-30, 1978 3. "Assessment of Environmental Contaminant-Induced Lymphocyte Dysfunction," L.D. Loose, Environmental Health Perspectives 12 105-128, 1981 4. "Environmental Chemical Induced Macrophage Dysfunction", L.D. Loose, J.B. Silkworth, T. Charbonneau and F. Blumenstock, Environmental Health Perspectives 39 79-91, 1981 |
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Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation
From: Ilena Rose
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2008 18:46:26 -0600 Local: Mon, Nov 24 2008 7:46 pm Subject: Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation http://ilenarose.blogspot.com Health Lover www.BreastImplantAwareness.org/ Multiple Chemical Sensitivities and Immune System Dysregulation originally published as the Forword to A Consumer Guide for the Chemically Sensitive (self-published by the authors) in 1982. By Debra Lynn Dadd and Alan S. Levin, M.D. Multiple chemical sensitivities is an illness involving intolerance of certain chemicals found in the everyday environment. It is often referred to as a new type of allergy, and is popularly known a variety of names: environmental illness, ecologic illness, immunotoxic syndrome, total allergy syndrome, cerebral allergy, or bioecologic illness. Doctors who treat this disorder practice Environmental Medicine, Clinical Ecology, Ecologic Medicine, or Bioecologic Medicine. Many physicians argue that multiple chemical sensitivities are not an allergy at all, because reactions are not mediated by the same system that causes traditional allergic reactions to pollens, dust, animal dander, and molds. Technically they are correct; we now know that multiple chemical sensitivities are the result of a different malfunction of the immune system, recognized as a new and distinct disorder known as "immune system dysregulation." The traditional concept of allergy associates only a few specific symptoms with a limited number of natural inhalants. In immune system dysregulation, the immune system similarly loses its ability to suppress unnecessary reactions, yet a much wider range of complex symptoms results, involving a variety of organ systems. Furthermore, these responses occur to a greater number of substances, including certain toxic chemicals as well as foods and natural inhalants. The most extreme manifestation of immune system dysregulation is universal reactivity to everything in the external environment, and even to the body's own tissues and organs. SYMPTOMS A substance can provoke any one or more of a number of symptoms in an individual, including traditional "allergic" nasal stuffiness, wheezing, sneezing, asthma, chronic sore throat, postnasal drip, laryngitis, itching eyes, hives, and rashes. In addition, gastrointestinal disturbances such as gastric irritation, bloating, intermittent constipation or diarrhea, hemorrhoids, or anal bleeding may occur. Musculoskeletal aches, pains, or twitching, and arthritis or rheumatism are some other common reactions, as well as problems in a host of other body systems, such as frequent or painful urination, menstrual cramps, body or breath odors, metallic aftertaste, sensitivity to light, visual disturbances, and ringing in the ears. The most surprising and dramatic documented environmentally-induced symptoms by far are the cerebral and behavioral reactions. These include migraine headaches, fatigue, dizziness, learning disabilities, confusion, inability to concentrate, lack of motivation, memory loss, and dyslexia. Personality changes, mood swings, hyperactivity and depression are also common. In addition, another common behavioral symptom is insatiable hunger, leading to incessant eating and often to obesity. Addictions to specific foods, such as wheat, corn, sugar, coffee, and chocolate can also develop, as well as addictions to alcoholic beverages, drugs, tobacco, and even some common chemical vapors, such as perfume, hairspray, or glue. The same immune system dysregulation which causes multiple chemical sensitivities is also believed by some scientists to be the predecessor for such diseases as hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery disease, and cancer. Immune system dysregulation may also be directly responsible for certain symptoms associated with other diseases such as infectious hepatitis, herpes, and infectious mononucleosis. In addition, immune system dysregulation reduces the immune system's ability to fight infection, leaving the body vulnerable to various illnesses caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. DEVELOPMENT AND DIAGNOSIS Immune system dysregulation can develop over a long period of time due to repeated infectious diseases, continuous stress, and/or cumulative exposure to toxic chemicals, even at the low levels found in our everyday environment. It can also be triggered by ail single serious viral infection, major stress, or massive chemical exposure. Immune system dysregulation often remains undiagnosed, however, because manv phvsicians, faced with its incredible array of seemingly unrelated symptoms, and unfamiiliar with the available diagnostic methods, rnisdiagnose it "stress", "psychosomatic disease," or the like. The medications commonly prescribed for these problems may suppress the symptoms to some extent, but often further aggravate the problem without dealing with the underlying disease process at all. HOW THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WORKS It is important to comprehend how the immune system works in order to understand how a simple malfunction can lead to such complex reactivity and symptomatology. The immune system is the body's basic defense against disease, providing protection by recognizing dangerous bacteria or viruses which enter the body and rendering them harmless. It works mainly through three kinds of white blood cells: B cells from the bone marrow, T cells from the thymus, and macrophages from the bone marrow and spleen. B cells produce antibodies, proteins which circulate in the bloodstream, locating and identifying foreign substances, which are called antigens. When an antigen enters the body, B cells spring into action, and produce specific antibodies which attach to the antigens to form immune complexes. B cells are capable of producing a broad range of specific antibodies which identify and bind not only to disease producing viruses and fungi, but to non-disease producing antigens as well. B cells are always ready to respond to foreign substances: left to function on their own, they would continuously and indiscriminately produce antibodies to all antigens, whether harmless or dangerous. T cells control the B cells. When a harmless substance enters the body, the T cells signal the B cells to suppress antibody production, yet when a dangerous substance enters and must be eliminated, the T cells allow antibody production at a controlled rate and only until no more are needed. T cells can be programmed through vaccination or immunization to allow antibody production to previously unfamiliar but harmful antigens such as smallpox or polio. Conversely, allergy shots or other immunostimulation techniques can program T cells to recognize harmless antigens and to suppress production of their antibodies. The macrophages filter the immune complexes (formed by the combination of foreign antigens with antibodies from the B cells) from the blood and digest them into their component parts: proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. These components can then be either utilized as nutrients or eliminated through the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract. The inherent capacity of the macrophage system for processing immune complexes varies among different individuals, and is determined by heredity. When a harmful antigen, such as a flu virus, enters the body, the T cells allow the B cells to produce flu virus antibodies and attach them to the flu virus antigens. After the resulting immune complexes have been filtered out and digested by the macrophages, the body has been effectively protected. When a substance such as wheat enters, which the body does not need to be protected from, the T cells prevent the B cells from producing wheat antibodies. This same immune system mechanism which protects the body from disease can, when malfunctioning, cause a broad range of symptoms in reaction to a number of harmless or even beneficial substances entering the body. This malfunction commonly originates when the T cells are damaged by toxic chemicals, stress, and/or infectious disease. When the normal complement of T cells is reduced in number, or when their ability to function is impaired, they can no longer adequately control B cell production of antibodies. Without this control, the B cells cannot distinguish harmless dust, pollen, or animal hair, or vital and nutritious foods, from toxic chemicals or life threatening bacteria or viruses. They react by producing antibodies to all foreign substances indiscriminately at an uncontrolled rate. Sometimes even autoantibodies, which are antibodies directed against the body's own tissues, are produced. Unlimited antibody production leads to the formation of larger quantities of immune complexes than the macrophages can process. When the macrophages become overloaded, the excess immune complexes are discharged into the bloodstream. These circulating immune complexes can then cause symptoms in any part of the body fed by an artery or capillary. REVERSING THE CONDITION This disease process can be effectively reversed by protecting the T cells from stressful factors, allowing them to regenerate naturally and resume their normal regulatory function. The most effective way to accomplish this is a comprehensive reduction of all possible stresses on the immune system, both physiological and psychological. Approaches to consider include the following: * Attitude - Develop a positive, productive attitude towards life; cultivate a sense of responsibility and purpose, and seek socially effective activities and interaction. * Stress - Develop proper stress management techniques, and make life changes necessary to reduce unwanted stress. * Chemicals - Minimize exposure to toxic chemicals in air, foods, and water. Live, eat, and work in the cleanest environment possible. Avoid cigarette smoke particularly. * Exercise - Include a program of regular exercise. * Light - Ensure adequate exposure to the benefits of natural light. Conventional fluorescent lights are a stress for many with multiple chemical sensitivities. * Harmful disease agents - Exposure to infectious bacteria, viruses and fungi (particularly Candida albicans) should be avoided. Effective treatment should be instituted for any existing disorders from these agents. If you must be treated with antibiotics, be sure to ask your doctor for an antifungal as well, to maintain proper balance among intestinal flora. Have gamma globuen injections if you have been exposed to mononucleosis or hepatitis. Avoid herpes infections. * Food and nutrition - Obtain proper nutrition and avoid chemical contaminants by eating a balanced diet of whole, naturally produced foods. Avoid those foods which cause reactions, and rotate foods to avoid development of new sensitivities. Use nutritional supplements if individual needs exceed nutrients available from tolerated foods. Remember that individuals with immune system problems often require more of particular nutrients than the norm. * Immunostimulation techniques - These include specific antigen therapy (allergy shots) or nonspecific immunologic enhancement using Transfer factor, Interferon, or Thymosin. THE HEALING PROCESS The actual healing process from immune system dysregulation is long, slow, and punctuated by exasperating short-term setbacks. These setbacks are inevitable, as the healing process invariably follows a "roller coaster" pattern. The frequency, duration, and severity of setbacks gradually diminishes until symptoms are mild and occur only occasionally. After recovery has begun, an individual will often begin to notice adverse reactions to substances which previously caused no problems, such as diesel fumes, air pollution, or fabric finishes. This phenomenon, known as "masking", occurs when the elimination of dominant exposures allows underlying sensitivities to become temporarily more acute. This is to be expected; though it is sometimes perceived as an increase of symptoms or severity of the disease, it is, in fact, an indication of improvement. Another aspect of the healing process is the experience of withdrawal from previously unrecognized addictions. As in any traditional addiction, the feeling of well being is maintained only through continual re-exposure to the addicting agent. Upon avoidance, this feeling of well being gives way to various symptoms, some of which may be rather severe. This withdrawal may be experienced from a remarkably wide variety of substances, including coffee, tobacco, alcoholic beverages, many foods, and even some common chemicals. It is not uncommon, for instance, to find an individual who is "addicted to his work," the painter who "feels miserable" on weekends, or the printer who stays drunk all during his vacation. Generally, however, withdrawal symptoms last for only three to five days and then. if the individual can avoid succumbing to temptation, the symptoms are relieved. After having abstained for long periods, a formerly addicted individual will usually have immediate and severe symptoms upon re-exposure to the addicting agent, whether it be paint, cigarettes, or wheat. Rebuilding the immune system and regaining tolerance to chemicals and other substances in the environment is a gradual process which may take one or two years. During this time, avoidance of disease causing agents and stress are crucial, but perhaps the most important requisite for recovery is avoidance of the toxic chemicals found in the everyday environment. Even the elimination of a single significant chemical exposure (i.e., gas heat, smoking, or perfume) may immediately reduce symptoms and allow the healing process to begin, but it is the continuous protection of the immune system from chemical exposures of all kinds which will allow tolerance and health to be regained. Remember, however, that once the immune system has been damaged, it will always remain vulnerable. Regardless of the level of tolerance achieved, chemically sensitive individuals should continue to minimize chemical exposures throughout their lives. Once health is restored, occasional chemical exposures can be tolerated, given an overall nontoxic lifestyle. The proper balance must be maintained between these greater exposures and a generally low baseline level of exposure, so that the immune system is wt overloaded to the point of malfunctioning. For instance, if you must live in the city and work in a toxic, poorly ventilated office environment, you should spend as many breaks and lunch periods as possible away from smoke-filled coffee rooms and outside in clean air--in a park, on a roof garden, anywhere where you can breathe fresh outdoor air. You should also live in as clean a house and location as possible, and leave the city for unpolluted air whenever you can. If you suffer a major exposure, such as being trapped behind a diesel truck in a traffic jam for an extended period, you may require several hours at the beach breathing clean air. It is very likely that many individuals are needlessly suffering from immune system dysregulation, without knowing about the disease or its symptoms. Because anyone is susceptible to this illness, it is beneficial for everyone to minimize exposure to toxic chemicals. 1. Biological Relevance of Immune Suppression as Induced by Genetic, Therapeutic and Environmental Factors, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 135 West 50th Street, NY, NY 10020 2. Inadvertant Modification of the Immune Response: The Effects of Foods, Drugs and Environmental Contaminants, Proc. F.D.A. - 4th Science Symposium, Aug. 28-30, 1978 3. "Assessment of Environmental Contaminant-Induced Lymphocyte Dysfunction," L.D. Loose, Environmental Health Perspectives 12 105-128, 1981 4. "Environmental Chemical Induced Macrophage Dysfunction", L.D. Loose, J.B. Silkworth, T. Charbonneau and F. Blumenstock, Environmental Health Perspectives 39 79-91, 1981 |
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