Australia official report 2001.12.10 finds arsenic impurity in sucralose at 15 % of USA EPA adult ADI limits for daily drinking water, also 67 % of child lead alarm limits -- evidence for claims by D.L. Dewey and G.N. Ferebee petition (some typos): M

Australia official report 2001.12.10 finds arsenic impurity in
sucralose at 15 % of USA EPA adult ADI limits for daily drinking
water, also 67 % of child lead alarm limits -- evidence for claims by
D.L. Dewey and G.N. Ferebee petition (some typos): Murray 2007.10.25
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1481

Sucralose has substantial arsenic and lead impurities.

[ The European Union ADI for sucralose is 15 mg/kg body weight, 1,050
mg = 1.05 gm for a 70 kg average adult, with the result that the
additional increase of 15 % of USA EPA adult arsenic ADI and 20 % of
USA EPA child lead alarm levels would entail an additional risk for
people in vulnerable groups, some of whom are bound to be using even
higher levels for years.

If a hundred million use sucralose, and O.1 %, one in a thousand, are
heavy, long-term users and especially vulnerable, that would be
100,000 people at risk. ]


http://nicnas.gov.au/search/cache.cg...fr.pdf.pan.txt

[ This report from Australia is the first specific data I found so
far. It indicates levels of arsenic, lead, and methanol that might be
bad for very vulnerable groups who use very high levels of sucralose
for years.

I found it while searching Google for referenced evidence for dramatic
sucralose toxicity claims in a recent public petition by D. L. Dewey
and Greta Nuernberger Ferebee.]

File No: NA/944 November 2001

NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS NOTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT SCHEME
10 December, 2001 FULL PUBLIC REPORT NA/
944 5/24

4. PURITY OF THE CHEMICAL
Calculated on the anhydrous basis
Degree of Purity: 98.0-102.0 %

Hazardous Impurities:

Chemical name: Arsenic (as As)
CAS No.: 7440-38-2
Weight percentage: Less than 3 mg/kg
[ One gram sucralose would give up to 3 micrograms arsenic. ]
Toxic properties: Toxic (T) by inhalation (R23) and if swallowed
(R25)

Chemical name: Heavy metals (as Pb)

Weight percentage: 10 mg/kg or less
[ One gram sucralose would give up to 10 micrograms lead. ]
Toxic properties: Toxic (T), may cause harm to the unborn child
(R61), possible risk of impaired fertility (R62), harmful by
inhalation (R20) and if swallowed (R22), danger of cumulative effects
(R33).

Chemical name: Methanol
Synonyms: Methyl alcohol
CAS No.: 67-56-1
Weight percentage: 0.1 % or less
[ One gram sucralose would give 1.0 mg methanol -- whereas in most
people the daily ingestion of methanol is about 10 mg daily.
One gram aspartame, five 12-oz cans diet soda, gives 110 mg
methanol. ]
Toxic properties: Toxic (T) by inhalation (R23) and if swallowed
(R25)

Non-hazardous Impurities ( 1% by weight ):

Chemical name: 4-chloro-4-deoxygalactose
Synonyms: 4-CG
Weight percentage: Very low
CAS No.:

Chemical name: 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose
Synonyms: 1,6-DCF
Weight percentage: Very low

Additives/Adjuvants: None


http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/content/full/52/1/2

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) signaled on October 31, 2001
that it will be reducing the amount of arsenic allowed in US drinking
water from a maximum of 50 parts per billion (50 ppb) back to the
tighter 10 ppb standard adopted in the final days of the Clinton
administration.

[ For adult drinking water 2 liters/day average, the USA EPA arsenic
limit is 10 ppb = .01 ppm = .01 mg per kg = .01 mg per liter, giving .
02 mg = 20 micrograms arsenic limit.

So, 3 micrograms arsenic daily from 1 gram of sucralose in a variety
of products is 0.15 = 15 % of the USA EPA alarm limit for adults. ]


http://www.epa.gov/safewater/schools...cr_schools.pdf

OVERVIEW OF THE RULE

Schools and child care facilities that have their own water supply and
are considered non-transient, non-community water systems (NTNCWSs)
are subject to the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) requirements.

The LCR was developed to protect public health by minimizing lead and
copper levels in drinking water.

The most common source of lead and copper in drinking water is
corrosion of plumbing materials.

Plumbing materials that can be made with lead and copper include
pipes, solder, fixtures, and faucets.

The LCR established an action level of 0.015 mg/L (15 ppb) for lead
and 1.3 mg/L (1300 ppb) for copper
based on the 90th percentile level of tap water samples.

This means no more than 10 percent of your samples
can be above either action level.

If lead or copper levels are found above the action levels,
it does not signal a violation
but can trigger other requirements that include
water quality parameter (WQP) monitoring,
corrosion control treatment (CCT),
source water monitoring/treatment,
public education,
and lead service line replacement.

[ For child drinking water of 1 liter/day average,
15 ppb = .015 ppm = .015 mg per kg = .015 mg per lite = 15 micrograms
lead alarm limit.

So, 10 micrograms daily from 1 gram of sucralose in a variety of
products is 0.67 = 67 % of the EPA alarm limit for lead in children. ]

CHILDREN

Children are especially susceptible to lead and copper exposure
because their bodies absorb these metals at higher rates than the
average adult. Children younger than six are most at risk due to their
rapid rate of growth. Exposure to high levels of lead can cause damage
to the brain, red blood cells, and kidneys. Exposure to even low
levels of lead can cause low IQ, hearing impairment, reduced attention
span, and poor classroom performance. Exposure to high levels of
copper can cause stomach and intestinal distress, liver or kidney
damage, and complications of Wilson's disease in genetically
predisposed people.

Because children spend so much time in school and child care
facilities and their bodies are developing rapidly, it is important to
provide safe drinking water to avoid health problems linked to lead or
copper exposure.

ADULTS

High lead levels in adults have been linked to increased blood-
pressure. Pregnant women and their fetuses are especially vulnerable
to lead exposure since lead can significantly harm the fetus, causing
lower birth weight and slowing down normal mental and physical
development.

SOURCES OF LEAD AND COPPER IN DRINKING WATER

When lead and copper are found in tap water it is typically due to
leaching from internal plumbing materials. If the water is too
corrosive, it can cause lead or copper to leach out of the plumbing
materials and enter the drinking water.

The potential for leaching increases the longer the water is in
contact with the plumbing components. School water supplies tend to
have extended periods of no water use (e.g., overnight, weekends,
holidays, summer) that increase the likelihood of elevated lead levels
at the tap.

http://www.fsai.ie/surveillance/food.../sucralose.pdf

In 2000, the European Union Scientific Committee on Food (SCF)
assessed the data on the safety of sucralose and concluded that
sucralose is acceptable as a sweetener for general food use
and set an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-15 mg/kg body weight.

[ The European Union ADI for sucralose is as much as up to 1,050 mg =
1.05 gm for a 70 kg average adult, with the result that the additional
increase of 15 % of USA EPA adult arsenic ADI and 20 % of USA EPA
child lead alarm levels would entail an additional risk for people in
vulnerable groups, some of whom are bound to be using even higher
levels for years.

If a hundred million use sucralose, and O.1 %, one in a thousand, are
heavy, long-term users and especially vulnerable, that would be
100,000 people at risk. ]


[ C. W. Sham praises sucralose, citing just four industry funded human
studies on small groups at low doses for 17 days, 13 weeks, and 3
months. ]

http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/vi...nutritionbytes

Nutrition Bytes [ not in PubMed ]
Volume 10, Issue 2 2005 Article 5
Splenda - A Safe and Sweet Alternative to Sugar
Caroline W. Sham
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,
Copyright 2005 by the authors, unless otherwise noted.
This article is part of the collected
publications of Nutrition Bytes.
Nutrition Bytes is produced by the eScholarship Repository
and bepress.
Produced by eScholarship Repository, 2007
Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA,
David Geffen School of Medicine
Nutrition Bytes
University of California, Los Angeles
ISSN: 1548-601X
Editorial Board:
Felice Kurtzman, M.P.H., R.D., Co-Chief Editor
Eryn Ujita Lee, Ph.D., Co-Chief Editor
Asst Adjt Prof
310-825-9356 Biol Chem 1445
John Edmond, Ph.D.
Leonard Rome, Ph.D.
Rome, Leonard H.
Sr Assoc Dean Res
310-825-868
David Geffen Sch of Med, Ofc of the Dean 1400

[ Excerpt ]

SUCRALOSE IS SAFE FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION

The FDA has concluded that sucralose does not pose carcinogenic,
reproductive, or neurological risks to human beings (8).

So, what kind of direct evidence exists regarding sucralose safety?

Baird et al. performed a pair of sucralose tolerance studies.

The first was an observational study conducted on eight subjects over
a period of 17 days with an ascending dose scheme (range 1-10 mg/kg
body weight/day).

The second was a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, controlled
study on 118 subjects over 13 weeks, comparing repeated doses of
sucralose (range 125-500 mg/day) to fructose.

Neither study resulted in any positive hematologic, serum
biochemistry, urinary, cardiac, or ophthalmologic findings.

Sucralose was found to be well tolerated in single doses up to
10 mg/kg/day and repeated doses increasing to 5 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks
(9).

So, there have been no documented adverse effects due to short-term
sucralose consumption.

Since diabetics are a group in need of sugar alternatives, human
sucralose consumption has been studied in this population.

A comparative observational study on 16 male subjects with well-
controlled type 2 diabetes found that a diet incorporating fat
replacers and sucralose yielded better improvements in metabolic and
anthropometric variables, as compared to the currently recommended
American Diabetic Association diet (10).

A multi-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on
128 obese subjects with type 2 diabetes examined the effects of
sucralose on metabolic profiles as compared to placebo.

There were no significant differences between the groups in
measured HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, or fasting serum C-peptide,
showing that sucralose consumption for 3 months at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg/
day (estimated to be three times the average maximum intake) does not
affect glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetics (11).

In summary, sucralose is well tolerated in both healthy and diabetic
individuals.

8. Food and Drug Administration. Food additives permitted for direct
addition to food for human consumption; Sucralose. 1998, 21CFR172.64.

9. Baird IM, Shephard NW, Merritt RJ, et al. Repeated Dose Study of
Sucralose Tolerance in Human Subjects. Food and Chem Tox. 2000; 28:
S123-129.
I. McLean Baird a, N. W. Shephard b, R. J. Merritt c and G. Hildick-
Smith d
a Pine Court, Fairbourne, Cobham, Surrey KT11 2BT, UK
Present address: Ross Labs, 151 South Parkview, Columbus, OH 43209,
USA.
b Medical Science Research, Brambles, Granborough, Bucks, MK18 3NT, UK
c McNeil Specialty Products Company, 501 George St, New Brunswick, NJ
08903, USA
d Johnson & Johnson, World Tower, One Plaza, New Brunswick, NJ 08903,
USA

10. Reyna NY, Cano C, Bermudez VJ, et al. Sweeteners and beta-glucans
improve metabolic and anthropometrics variables in well controlled
type 2 diabetic patients. Am J Ther. 2003; 10: 538- 43.
Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, Nutrition School, University
of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.

11. Grotz VL, Henry RR, McGill JB, et al. Lack of effect of sucralose
on glucose homeostasis in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Am Diet
Assoc. 2003; 103: 1607-1612.
Medical and Nutritional Affairs, McNeil Nutritionals, New Bruswick, NJ
08903-2400, USA.


www.dldewey.com/ahr.htm

dldewey at dldewey.com

"Sucalrose is contains these deadly chemicals, some known to cause
cancer in animals, some are even listed on the EPA as poisons: Acetone
- Acetic acid - Acetyl alcohol - Acetic anhydride - Ammonium chloride
Benzene - Chlorinated Sulfates - Ethyl alcohol - Isobutyl Ketones -
Formaldehyde - Hydrogen Chloride - Lithium Chloride -Methanol - Sodium
methoxide - Sulfuryl chloride - Trityl chloride - Thionyl chloride -
Toulene. Actually, a person is ingesting basically CHOLRINE when
eating any foods containing sulcalrose."


Hopefully, this petition will raise some needed ruckus, but it is also
very easy for PR spin masters to discredit it by pointing out the
misspelling of "sucralose" twice as "sucalrose", and the extraneous
word "is", the second word in the sentence. A "-" is missing after
Ammonium chloride. "Another example is MSG, monosodium glucomate..."
Correct is monosodium glutamate.

I myself, from serious brain injury at age 10, make so many typos that
I have to proofread every sentence I type, as I go.
I always double check.

It is a grave error to use a fully capitalized common generic word,
"CHOLRINE", misspelled to boot, in a public petition to a government
official, which ensures that the petitioners will be automatically
dismissed.

Chlorine is a major element in every living creature, being half of
table salt.

Certainly, complex covalently bonded carbon compounds with chlorine
atoms can be toxic, especially carbon tetrachloride, which does not
cause its toxicity by releasing chlorine.

I am not aware of any evidence that ingested sucralose releases
significant levels of formaldehyde, methanol, and hydrogen chloride
into bodies.

These three chemicals are indeed normal metabolites in human bodies,
which can be toxic in larger ingested doses over periods of time in
vulnerable people.

These three chemicals are not mentioned in the detailed approval by
the FDA:

www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr980403.html

Federal Register: April 3, 1998 (Volume 63, Number 64)
Rules and Regulations
Page 16417-16433
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access wais.access.gpo.gov
DOCID:fr03ap98-9

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Food and Drug Administration

21 CFR Part 172

Docket No. 87F-0086

Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human
Consumption; Sucralose

AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS.

ACTION: Final rule.

Dated: March 30, 1998.
Michael A. Friedman,
Lead Deputy Commissioner for the Food and Drug Administration.
FR Doc. 98-8750 Filed 4-1-98; 8:45 am
BILLING CODE 4160-01-F


Here is a balanced, factual assessment by Whole Foods Market:

http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/whol...sucralose.html

Arguments against the use of sucralose:

1. Sucralose is an artificial substance that is not found in
nature, like aspartame and hydrogenated fats. Although supporters of
sucralose claim that it is unable to be metabolized, up to 35% is
absorbed by the body with a half life up to 23 hours.

2. Pre-approval tests indicated potential toxicity for sucralose.
One study (printed in the "New Scientist", 23 November 1991, volume
132, page 13) demonstrated that thymus weight decreased by up to 40%
in rats fed diets rich in sucralose, indicating that sucralose has the
potential to compromise the immune system. Note that the FDA also
addressed this (and other) toxicity concerns in their Final Rule,
claiming that these negative effects would not be seen in humans at
recommended doses.

3. Sucralose is a chlorinated compound. Other classes of
chlorinated molecules include pesticides.

4. There are no independent controlled human studies on sucralose.
The bulk of the safety research has been conducted by the
manufacturer.

5. There are no long-term (13 months) human studies of sucralose's
effects and no long history of use.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucralose

[ Wikipedia articles evolve by a constant dialog among contributors
with different views. ]

Chlorine atoms are covalently bonded to the carbon atoms in the
sucralose molecule, making it a chlorocarbon.
Although many chlorocarbons are toxic, sucralose is not known to be
toxic in small quantities and is extremely insoluble in fat, so it can
not accumulate in fat like most chlorinated hydrocarbons.
In addition sucralose does not break down or dechlorinate.[16]

However, it is well known numerous organochlorides are found in
naturally occurring food sources such as seaweed.[17]
In addition, polyvinyl chloride is a member of the organochloride
family that has been commonly used to form pipes for conveying potable
water for several decades.
Given the ubiquity of these and other organochlorides and the absence
of evidence of any harm caused by these organochlorides, chemists who
work with organohalides argue that a higher burden of proof on safety
for organochlorides as a class is inappropriate.

In mutual service, Rich Murray

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1413
sucralose, aspartame, sugar legal melee, How Sweet It Isn't, Avery
Johnson, Wall Street Journal: Murray 2007.04.06

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1412
sucralose (an earnest effort at a neutral summary of both sides of the
Splenda toxicity debate), Wikipedia 2007.03.26: Murray 2007.03.29

adroit PR firm Qorvis Communications, hired by Sugar Association,
coyly sets up Citizens For Health front to attack sucralose (Splenda):
Murray 2007.03.22
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1411

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1328
Migraine from sucralose, Bigal ME & Krymchantowski AV,
Headache 2006 March; formaldehyde from 11% methanol part of
aspartame or from red wine causes same toxicity (hangover) harm:
Murray 2006.04.24

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1257
Comet assay tests groups of 4 mice to show sucralose genotoxicity
in stomach, colon, lung, Yu F Sasaki et al, Mutation Research 2002,
full plain text: Murray 2005.11.22

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1152
reply to Ferne Hudson, Tate & Lyle PLC, re Splenda (sucralose) policy:
Murray 2005.02.08
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


"Of course, everyone chooses, as a natural priority,
to actively find, quickly share, and positively act
upon the facts about healthy and safe food, drink,
and environment."

Rich Murray, MA Room For All
505-501-2298 1943 Otowi Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505

http://RMForAll.blogspot.com new primary archive

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/messages
group with 111 members, 1,481 posts in a public,
searchable archive

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1472
bias, omissions, incuriosity = opportunity, aspartame safety
evaluation, Magnuson BA, Burdock GA, Williams GM, 7 more, 2007 Sept,
Ajinomoto funded 98 pages html [$ 32 781888262_content.pdf]: Murray
2007.09.15
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////