Spanking works....

.....and is claimed because the user doesn't know and try means of child
rearing.

What else could they say?

Hoever, there is no shortage of information on how to raise a child
without frightening them:

[[[ Interesting little flip-show on this page...something to think
abou. ]]]

http://www.stopspanking.com/

"Swedish parents now discipline their children; and in doing so, they rely
on a variety of alternatives to physical punishment. The method most
commonly used is _verbal_conflict_resolution_, which invites parents as
well as children to express their anger in words. Parents insist that
discussions involve constant eye contact, even if this means taking firm
hold of young children to engage their attention. Parents and
professionals agree that discussions may escalate into yelling, or that
yelling may be a necessary trigger for discussion. Still, many point out
that while yelling may be humiliating, it is better than ignoring the
problem or containing the anger, and it is usually less humiliating than
physical punishment."

It is better to yell at your kid - just call it "verbal conflict
resolution"! ;-)

Doan


On 25 Oct 2005 wrote:

....and is claimed because the user doesn't know and try means of child
rearing.

What else could they say?

Hoever, there is no shortage of information on how to raise a child
without frightening them:

[[[ Interesting little flip-show on this page...something to think
abou. ]]]

http://www.stopspanking.com/

http://www.repeal43.org/research.html
[[[ Links to articles and reports available at the Link above. ]]]

The following is an annotated, chronological list of various Canadian
studies on corporal punishment, section 43, and child abuse. American,
British and other research can be accessed through web sites linked to
this site.

Child Protection in Canada Discussion Paper, Corinne Robertshaw, BA,
LLB, 1981, Health and Welfare Canada
Reviews provincial child protection legislation, analyses 54 deaths of
children in Canada at the hands of parents/caretakers in 1977 and makes
a number of recommendations, including the repeal or amendment of
section 43.

Assault, Working Paper 38, 1984, Law Reform Commission of Canada,
Ottawa
Section C (2) and an Appendix deal with s. 43 (14 pages). The
Commission distinguishes between force used in an emergency, for
safeguarding others or property, and for chastisement, and suggest that
the first two are legal, with or without s. 43. It concludes that
ideally a clear stand against violence should be taken and s. 43
abolished. However, the majority of Commissioners feared this would
expose families to law enforcement "for every trivial slap or
spanking". While they would like to remove s. 43, they wanted a more
satisfactory way of avoiding prosecutions than relying simply on
prosecutorial discretion. The minority of Commissioners believed these
fears unrealistic.

International Perspectives on Corporal Punishment Legislation: A Review
of 12 Industrialized Countries, Nanci M.Burns, MSW, 1992, Department of
Justice Canada
Reviews the legislation in 12 European and Commonwealth countries,
analyses findings, and includes appendices with details of US
legislation on corporal punishment in schools and a model English bill
to end the reasonable force defence.

R. v K (M): Legitimating Brutality , Anne McGillivray, B.A., LL.M.,
(1993) 16 Criminal Reports (4th) 125
A powerful indictment of the 1993 Manitoba Court of Appeal decision
that acquitted a father of assault on the basis of section 43. Father
had kicked and hit his 8-year-old son with sufficient force to leave an
imprint of sweater on the boy's skin. Professor McGillivray, University
of Manitoba, Faculty of Law, concludes: "It is time to rid the criminal
law of (this) unconstitutional and dangerous anachronism".

Literature Review of Issues Related to the Use of CorrectiveForce
Against Children, Nanci M. Burns, MSW, 1993, Department of Justice
Canada
Reviews the literature on physical punishment and finds that overall
there are strong indicators that the use of corrective force can result
in a myriad of social and behavioral problems for children, adolescents
and adults.

Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect, N. Trocme,
PhD, 1994, Institute for the Prevention of Child Abuse.
Analyses child welfare investigations in Ontario in 1993 and estimates
that 4,229 substantiated and 5,426 strongly suspected cases of physical
abuse were investigated. Of all substantiated cases, 85% involved
discipline by corporal punishment. In suspected cases, it was difficult
to distinguish between corporal punishment and abuse.

Brief to Federal Ministers Section 43 of the Criminal Code and the
Corporal Punishment of Children, Corinne Robertshaw, BA, LLB, Repeal 43
Committee, April, 1994, Toronto
Reviews principal judicial decisions on section 43 since 1899,
developments in Europe, arguments for and against repealing section 43,
including relevance of the Charter and UNCRC, and lists 18 government
sponsored reports on the section. Concludes that section 43 should be
repealed. Brief also sent to child care organizations, MPs and
academics concerned about section 43.

Corporal Punishment: Research Review and Policy Recommendations, Joan
E. Durrant, PhD, C Psych and Linda Rose-Krasnor, PhD, 1995, Health
Canada and Justice Canada
Finds that corporal punishment is associated with increased levels of
aggression, is a predictor of delinquency, violence and crime in later
life and a risk factor for child abuse, and concludes that section 43
should be repealed.

" 'He'll learn it on his body' ": Disciplining childhood in Canadian
law, Anne McGillivray, B.A., LL.M., 1997, 5 The international Journal
of Children's Rights, 193
Professor McGillivray explores the historical, legal and psychological
background of the law on corporal punishment and presents a compelling
argument that section 43 is a fundamental violation of children's
rights and has no place in a free and democratic society.

Survey of Parenting Styles, Statistics Canada, 1998.
Surveys 23,000 parents and children in 1994 and 1996 finds that
parenting styles had a bigger impact on a child's behaviour than any
other factor, that children who did not have positive interaction with
parents were twice as likely to have persistent behavioural problems as
those who had positive interactions and that almost 27% of the children
surveyed had a clinically defined behaviour or learning problem.

The Unconstitutionality of Section 43 of the Criminal Code: Children's
Right to be Protected from Physical Assault, Part 1 and 11, Sharon D.
Greene, B.A., M.Sc., LL.B 1998, 41 Criminal Law Quarterly, 288 and 1999
41 Q.L.Q.462
The first thorough constitutional analysis of case law on section 43
and its relation to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Greene
concludes that section 43 violates sections 7, 12, and 15 of the
Charter and is not saved by section 1.

Slapping and Spanking in Childhood, Harriet L. MacMillan, MD, Canadian
Medical Association Journal, Oct. 5, 1999.
Surveys 10,000 Ontario residents and finds that there appears to be a
linear association between the frequency of slapping and spanking in
childhood and a lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorder, alcohol abuse
or dependence.

Child Death Reviews and Child Mortality Data Collection in Canada, Jan
C. Wood and Jane L. Murray, 1999, Health Canada
Acknowledges the lack of adequate national statistics on the incidence
of child abuse and neglect deaths in Canada, examines the problems
involved in collecting such statistics, and reports on the progress
made by a Federal/Provincial/Territorial Working Group established in
1994 to study this issue. The project's objective is to recommend ways
to improve collection of these statistics. The review can be read on
Health Canada's web site.

Family Violence in Canada, Statistics Canada, 2001.
Reports that an average of 42 children under 18 were killed by their
parents each year between 1991 and 1999. These were solved homicides -
murder, manslaughter or infanticide. They did not include deaths of
children where assaults by parents preceded death but were not found as
the actual cause, deaths in which the cause could not be determined,
accidental deaths under suspicious circumstances, or deaths resulting
from criminal negligence. As a result, the annual average
underestimates the actual number of deaths of children at the hands of
their parents.

Child Maltreatment in Canada: Canadian Incidence Study of Reported
Child Abuse and Neglect, N. Trocme, PhD, and D. Wolfe, 2001, Health
Canada.
Studies child maltreatment investigations in Canada during 1998 and
estimates there were 42,000 reports of physical abuse. Of these, 14,290
reports were substantiated. Sixty-nine per cent of these involved
inappropriate punishment.

The Changing Face of Child Welfare Investigations in Ontario: Ontario
Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect, 1993/1998, Trocme,
Fallon, MacLaurin, Copp, 2002, Child Welfare League of Canada, Ottawa.
Funded in part by Health Canada
Analyses child maltreatment investigations in Ontario in 1998 and finds
that substantiated cases of physical abuse nearly doubled from an
estimated 4,200 in 1993 to 8000 in 1998. 72% of these involved
inappropriate punishment. The number of children in the care of
Children's Aid Societies increased from 10,000 in 1996 to 17,000 in
1998.

Something to Cry about: An Argument against Corporal Punishment of
Children in Canada, Susan M. Turner, PhD, 2002, Wilfred Laurier
University Press. Analyzes in a scholarly but readable 236 pages the
philosophical basis for the belief in and opposition to corporal
punishment of children and concludes that such punishment should not be
justified by the law.

Quebec Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse, Neglect, Abandonment
and Serious Behaviour Problems, Tourigny, Mayer, Wright, 2003, centre
de liaison sur l'intervention et la prevention psychosociales (CLIPP),
Montreal. Studies 9,790 cases reported to Quebec's Director of Youth
Protection in Oct/ Nov/ Dec 1998. Among others things, finds that 63%
of substantiated physical abuse cases involved physical punishment,
that fathers were most often identified as perpetrators of the abuse,
and that close to one-quarter of substantiated reports concerned
children previously involved with protection services. This first-ever
Quebec study can be read on the Centre of Excellence for Child Welfare
web site www.cecw-cepb.ca

The Economic Costs and Consequences of Child Abuse in Canada, 2003, The
Law Commission of Canada. This research paper, funded by the Law
Commission, is a collaborative effort between the departments of
Economics and Women's Studies, University of Western Ontario. It
measures the economic costs of all forms of child abuse in Canada
during 1998 and concludes that child abuse is not only devastating for
the individual but also for society as a whole. It estimates the
economic costs at $15,705,910,047 annually, broken down as follows:

Judicial
$616,685,247
Social Services
$1,178,062,222
Education
$23,882,994
Health
$222,570,517
Employment
$11,299,601,383
Personal
$2,365,107,683
Total
$15,705,910,047


See the Law Commission website www.lcc.gc.ca for details.

Aggressive Behaviour Outcomes for Young Children: Change in Parenting
Environment Predicts Change in Behaviour, October 25, 2004, Statistics
Canada. This study is based on data from the 1994 National Longitudinal
Survey of Children and Youth conducted by Statistics Canada and Social
Development Canada. Parents of about 2000 children were interviewed
for behavioral and emotional information on their children when the
children were 2-3 years old and again when they were 8-9 years.

The study concludes that children of parents who use physical
punishment or yelling and shouting as punitive discipline are much more
likely to engage in aggressive behaviours, such as fighting, bullying
and meanness to others. Children in punitive environments at age 2 to 3
years scored 39% higher on a scale of aggressive behaviour than
children in non-punitive homes. Children 8 to 9 years scored 83%
higher. The study shows a link between childhood aggression and poor
outcomes later in life, such as delinquency, crime, poor school results
and unemployment. When, however, punitive parenting changes at age 2 to
3 to non-punitive parenting, children score just as low in aggressive
behaviour as those in a non-punitive environment. The study was
front-page news in many Canadian papers and reinforces earlier research
reaching the same conclusion. See www.statcan.ca/ The Daily, Oct.
25/04.

National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth: Home environment,
income and child behaviour, February 21, 2005, Statistics Canada. This
cycle of the longitudinal survey releases data on 4129 children ranging
from 8-19 years of age. Information was gathered from parents about
the children's behaviour at age 2-5 years and from both parents and
children about the children's behaviour at age 10-13. The findings
are consistent with the study released Oct 25/04.
Statcan states that while the findings do not prove that punitive
parenting causes aggressive behaviour, they reinforce other research
showing that such parenting may lead to increased aggression and
anxiety and limit pro-social behaviour. See www.statcan.ca/ The Daily,
Feb 21/05.

Didn't the anti-spanking zealotS already claimed "victory" when the
Canadian Supreme Court made the ruling on Section 43? ;-)

Doan


On 25 Oct 2005 wrote:

http://www.repeal43.org/research.html
[[[ Links to articles and reports available at the Link above. ]]]

The following is an annotated, chronological list of various Canadian
studies on corporal punishment, section 43, and child abuse. American,
British and other research can be accessed through web sites linked to
this site.

Child Protection in Canada Discussion Paper, Corinne Robertshaw, BA,
LLB, 1981, Health and Welfare Canada
Reviews provincial child protection legislation, analyses 54 deaths of
children in Canada at the hands of parents/caretakers in 1977 and makes
a number of recommendations, including the repeal or amendment of
section 43.

Assault, Working Paper 38, 1984, Law Reform Commission of Canada,
Ottawa
Section C (2) and an Appendix deal with s. 43 (14 pages). The
Commission distinguishes between force used in an emergency, for
safeguarding others or property, and for chastisement, and suggest that
the first two are legal, with or without s. 43. It concludes that
ideally a clear stand against violence should be taken and s. 43
abolished. However, the majority of Commissioners feared this would
expose families to law enforcement "for every trivial slap or
spanking". While they would like to remove s. 43, they wanted a more
satisfactory way of avoiding prosecutions than relying simply on
prosecutorial discretion. The minority of Commissioners believed these
fears unrealistic.

International Perspectives on Corporal Punishment Legislation: A Review
of 12 Industrialized Countries, Nanci M.Burns, MSW, 1992, Department of
Justice Canada
Reviews the legislation in 12 European and Commonwealth countries,
analyses findings, and includes appendices with details of US
legislation on corporal punishment in schools and a model English bill
to end the reasonable force defence.

R. v K (M): Legitimating Brutality , Anne McGillivray, B.A., LL.M.,
(1993) 16 Criminal Reports (4th) 125
A powerful indictment of the 1993 Manitoba Court of Appeal decision
that acquitted a father of assault on the basis of section 43. Father
had kicked and hit his 8-year-old son with sufficient force to leave an
imprint of sweater on the boy's skin. Professor McGillivray, University
of Manitoba, Faculty of Law, concludes: "It is time to rid the criminal
law of (this) unconstitutional and dangerous anachronism".

Literature Review of Issues Related to the Use of CorrectiveForce
Against Children, Nanci M. Burns, MSW, 1993, Department of Justice
Canada
Reviews the literature on physical punishment and finds that overall
there are strong indicators that the use of corrective force can result
in a myriad of social and behavioral problems for children, adolescents
and adults.

Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect, N. Trocme,
PhD, 1994, Institute for the Prevention of Child Abuse.
Analyses child welfare investigations in Ontario in 1993 and estimates
that 4,229 substantiated and 5,426 strongly suspected cases of physical
abuse were investigated. Of all substantiated cases, 85% involved
discipline by corporal punishment. In suspected cases, it was difficult
to distinguish between corporal punishment and abuse.

Brief to Federal Ministers Section 43 of the Criminal Code and the
Corporal Punishment of Children, Corinne Robertshaw, BA, LLB, Repeal 43
Committee, April, 1994, Toronto
Reviews principal judicial decisions on section 43 since 1899,
developments in Europe, arguments for and against repealing section 43,
including relevance of the Charter and UNCRC, and lists 18 government
sponsored reports on the section. Concludes that section 43 should be
repealed. Brief also sent to child care organizations, MPs and
academics concerned about section 43.

Corporal Punishment: Research Review and Policy Recommendations, Joan
E. Durrant, PhD, C Psych and Linda Rose-Krasnor, PhD, 1995, Health
Canada and Justice Canada
Finds that corporal punishment is associated with increased levels of
aggression, is a predictor of delinquency, violence and crime in later
life and a risk factor for child abuse, and concludes that section 43
should be repealed.

" 'He'll learn it on his body' ": Disciplining childhood in Canadian
law, Anne McGillivray, B.A., LL.M., 1997, 5 The international Journal
of Children's Rights, 193
Professor McGillivray explores the historical, legal and psychological
background of the law on corporal punishment and presents a compelling
argument that section 43 is a fundamental violation of children's
rights and has no place in a free and democratic society.

Survey of Parenting Styles, Statistics Canada, 1998.
Surveys 23,000 parents and children in 1994 and 1996 finds that
parenting styles had a bigger impact on a child's behaviour than any
other factor, that children who did not have positive interaction with
parents were twice as likely to have persistent behavioural problems as
those who had positive interactions and that almost 27% of the children
surveyed had a clinically defined behaviour or learning problem.

The Unconstitutionality of Section 43 of the Criminal Code: Children's
Right to be Protected from Physical Assault, Part 1 and 11, Sharon D.
Greene, B.A., M.Sc., LL.B 1998, 41 Criminal Law Quarterly, 288 and 1999
41 Q.L.Q.462
The first thorough constitutional analysis of case law on section 43
and its relation to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Greene
concludes that section 43 violates sections 7, 12, and 15 of the
Charter and is not saved by section 1.

Slapping and Spanking in Childhood, Harriet L. MacMillan, MD, Canadian
Medical Association Journal, Oct. 5, 1999.
Surveys 10,000 Ontario residents and finds that there appears to be a
linear association between the frequency of slapping and spanking in
childhood and a lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorder, alcohol abuse
or dependence.

Child Death Reviews and Child Mortality Data Collection in Canada, Jan
C. Wood and Jane L. Murray, 1999, Health Canada
Acknowledges the lack of adequate national statistics on the incidence
of child abuse and neglect deaths in Canada, examines the problems
involved in collecting such statistics, and reports on the progress
made by a Federal/Provincial/Territorial Working Group established in
1994 to study this issue. The project's objective is to recommend ways
to improve collection of these statistics. The review can be read on
Health Canada's web site.

Family Violence in Canada, Statistics Canada, 2001.
Reports that an average of 42 children under 18 were killed by their
parents each year between 1991 and 1999. These were solved homicides -
murder, manslaughter or infanticide. They did not include deaths of
children where assaults by parents preceded death but were not found as
the actual cause, deaths in which the cause could not be determined,
accidental deaths under suspicious circumstances, or deaths resulting
from criminal negligence. As a result, the annual average
underestimates the actual number of deaths of children at the hands of
their parents.

Child Maltreatment in Canada: Canadian Incidence Study of Reported
Child Abuse and Neglect, N. Trocme, PhD, and D. Wolfe, 2001, Health
Canada.
Studies child maltreatment investigations in Canada during 1998 and
estimates there were 42,000 reports of physical abuse. Of these, 14,290
reports were substantiated. Sixty-nine per cent of these involved
inappropriate punishment.

The Changing Face of Child Welfare Investigations in Ontario: Ontario
Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect, 1993/1998, Trocme,
Fallon, MacLaurin, Copp, 2002, Child Welfare League of Canada, Ottawa.
Funded in part by Health Canada
Analyses child maltreatment investigations in Ontario in 1998 and finds
that substantiated cases of physical abuse nearly doubled from an
estimated 4,200 in 1993 to 8000 in 1998. 72% of these involved
inappropriate punishment. The number of children in the care of
Children's Aid Societies increased from 10,000 in 1996 to 17,000 in
1998.

Something to Cry about: An Argument against Corporal Punishment of
Children in Canada, Susan M. Turner, PhD, 2002, Wilfred Laurier
University Press. Analyzes in a scholarly but readable 236 pages the
philosophical basis for the belief in and opposition to corporal
punishment of children and concludes that such punishment should not be
justified by the law.

Quebec Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse, Neglect, Abandonment
and Serious Behaviour Problems, Tourigny, Mayer, Wright, 2003, centre
de liaison sur l'intervention et la prevention psychosociales (CLIPP),
Montreal. Studies 9,790 cases reported to Quebec's Director of Youth
Protection in Oct/ Nov/ Dec 1998. Among others things, finds that 63%
of substantiated physical abuse cases involved physical punishment,
that fathers were most often identified as perpetrators of the abuse,
and that close to one-quarter of substantiated reports concerned
children previously involved with protection services. This first-ever
Quebec study can be read on the Centre of Excellence for Child Welfare
web site www.cecw-cepb.ca

The Economic Costs and Consequences of Child Abuse in Canada, 2003, The
Law Commission of Canada. This research paper, funded by the Law
Commission, is a collaborative effort between the departments of
Economics and Women's Studies, University of Western Ontario. It
measures the economic costs of all forms of child abuse in Canada
during 1998 and concludes that child abuse is not only devastating for
the individual but also for society as a whole. It estimates the
economic costs at $15,705,910,047 annually, broken down as follows:

Judicial
$616,685,247
Social Services
$1,178,062,222
Education
$23,882,994
Health
$222,570,517
Employment
$11,299,601,383
Personal
$2,365,107,683
Total
$15,705,910,047


See the Law Commission website www.lcc.gc.ca for details.

Aggressive Behaviour Outcomes for Young Children: Change in Parenting
Environment Predicts Change in Behaviour, October 25, 2004, Statistics
Canada. This study is based on data from the 1994 National Longitudinal
Survey of Children and Youth conducted by Statistics Canada and Social
Development Canada. Parents of about 2000 children were interviewed
for behavioral and emotional information on their children when the
children were 2-3 years old and again when they were 8-9 years.

The study concludes that children of parents who use physical
punishment or yelling and shouting as punitive discipline are much more
likely to engage in aggressive behaviours, such as fighting, bullying
and meanness to others. Children in punitive environments at age 2 to 3
years scored 39% higher on a scale of aggressive behaviour than
children in non-punitive homes. Children 8 to 9 years scored 83%
higher. The study shows a link between childhood aggression and poor
outcomes later in life, such as delinquency, crime, poor school results
and unemployment. When, however, punitive parenting changes at age 2 to
3 to non-punitive parenting, children score just as low in aggressive
behaviour as those in a non-punitive environment. The study was
front-page news in many Canadian papers and reinforces earlier research
reaching the same conclusion. See www.statcan.ca/ The Daily, Oct.
25/04.

National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth: Home environment,
income and child behaviour, February 21, 2005, Statistics Canada. This
cycle of the longitudinal survey releases data on 4129 children ranging
from 8-19 years of age. Information was gathered from parents about
the children's behaviour at age 2-5 years and from both parents and
children about the children's behaviour at age 10-13. The findings
are consistent with the study released Oct 25/04.
Statcan states that while the findings do not prove that punitive
parenting causes aggressive behaviour, they reinforce other research
showing that such parenting may lead to increased aggression and
anxiety and limit pro-social behaviour. See www.statcan.ca/ The Daily,
Feb 21/05.