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Thimerosal neurotoxicity and protection with N-Acetylcysteine supplementation



 
 
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  #1  
Old January 3rd 05, 05:30 PM
Roman Bystrianyk
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Default Thimerosal neurotoxicity and protection with N-Acetylcysteine supplementation

http://www.healthsentinel.com/news.p..._item&id=3D511

Roman Bystrianyk, "Thimerosal neurotoxicity and protection with
N-Acetylcysteine supplementation", Health Sentinel, January 3, 2005,

In the 1930s, Eli Lily developed Thimerosal as a preservative and it
was widely used in vaccines. Until the removal of Thimerosal, which
contains 49.9% ethyl mercury by weight, from most pediatric vaccines in
2001, the source of the largest human exposure to mercury in the US was
in children under 18 months of age undergoing routine childhood
immunization schedules. Before 2001, a child may have received a
cumulative dose of over 200 =B5g/kg (micrograms per kilogram) in the
first 18 months of life.

Although Thimerosal has been removed from most childhood vaccines, it
is still present in the flu vaccine, which is given to pregnant women,
the elderly, and children. Also, many vaccines given to children in
developing countries still contain Thimerosal.

In the 2005 issue of NeuroToxicology, the authors of a study examine
the toxicity of Thimerosal within the body including neurons. They
examine the neurotoxic mechanisms, how the body detoxifies mercury, and
the use of N-Acetylcysteine, or NAC for short, in facilitating the
detoxification pathway within the body.

Glutathione, a tripeptide composed of cysteine, glutamate, and glycine,
is manufactured in the liver and also in the brain. Normally, the
concentrations of glutathione in the cells are quite high providing for
detoxification of a variety of heavy metals including mercury. However,
when this essential antioxidant is depleted the excess mercury can bind
to internal cellular proteins leading to toxic damage. Studies have
shown that, "low micromolar concentrations of Thimerosal induced DNA
strand breaks, caspase-3 activation, membrane damage and cell death."

Although the brain can produce glutathione, it can only manufacture
this from its immediate precursor cysteine. The liver, on the other
hand, is able through a long series of biochemical steps to create
glutathione from methionine. Methionine is an essential amino acid that
supplies the body with sulfur and methyl groups. The liver uses a
number of enzyme systems along with various B vitamins to produce
glutathione. The liver then exports the glutathione to the blood that
then is broken down to cystine. Cystine crosses the blood-brain barrier
to be used by the brain to make glutathione. Thus, the brain is reliant
on the liver to manufacture chemicals to keep it free from toxins.

The brain contains neurons and other cells called astrocytes.
Astrocytes use the cystine that crosses the blood-brain barrier to make
glutathione. The astrocytes then export the glutathione to the space
between the cells where it is broken down to cysteine. The neurons take
up the cysteine and manufacture glutathione. This complex series of
biochemical events is what is necessary to keep the brain free from
heavy metal damage.

The authors first examined the level of Thimerosal that would cause
toxic damage to cells. They found that the higher the concentration of
Thimerosal the greater the number of cells that were killed although
the nerve cell response occurred with only a 3 hour exposure, whereas
the other cell line required a 48 hour exposure demonstrating that
nerve cells are more sensitive to Thimerosal toxicity. "In both cell
lines, a progressive increase in cytotoxicity (decrease in viability)
was observed when Thimerosal dose was progressively doubled from 2.5
=B5mol/L [micromoles per liter] to 5, 10, and 20 =B5mol/L. Viability was
reduced more than 50% in both cell lines with exposure to 10 =B5mol/L
Thimerosal and less than 10% of cells survived a dose of 20 =B5mol/L."

The authors then pretreated cells with NAC before adding a dose of 15
=B5mol/L Thimerosal. They found that, "Thimerosal alone induced more
than a 6-fold decrease in viability", and that NAC, "provided
significant protection against cell death". The authors note,
"Thimerosal induces oxidative stress and apoptosis by activating
mitochondrial cell death pathways. A subsequent study using cultured
human neuron and fibroblast cell lines similarly showed that low
micromolar concentrations of Thimerosal induced DNA strand breaks,
caspase-3 activation, membrane damage and cell death."

The authors conclude that, "numerous clinical studies have
demonstrated the efficacy of NAC in increasing intracellular
glutathione levels and reducing oxidative stress in humans. Since
cytotoxicity with both ethyl- and methyl- mercury have been shown to be
mediated by glutathione depletion, dietary supplements that increase
intracellular glutathione could be envisioned as an effective
intervention to reduce previous or anticipated exposure to mercury.
This approach would be especially valuable in the elderly and in
pregnant women receiving Rho D immunoglobulin shots, and individuals
who regularly consume mercury-containing fish."
SOURCE: NeuroToxicology, Vol. 26, 2005, pp. 1-8

  #2  
Old January 12th 05, 03:14 AM
external usenet poster
 
Posts: n/a
Default


Roman Bystrianyk wrote:

http://www.healthsentinel.com/news.p..._item&id=3D511

Roman Bystrianyk, "Thimerosal neurotoxicity and protection with
N-Acetylcysteine supplementation", Health Sentinel, January 3, 2005,

In the 1930s, Eli Lily developed Thimerosal as a preservative and it
was widely used in vaccines. Until the removal of Thimerosal, which
contains 49.9% ethyl mercury by weight, from most pediatric vaccines

in
2001, the source of the largest human exposure to mercury in the US

was
in children under 18 months of age undergoing routine childhood
immunization schedules. Before 2001, a child may have received a
cumulative dose of over 200 =B5g/kg (micrograms per kilogram) in the
first 18 months of life.

Although Thimerosal has been removed from most childhood vaccines, it
is still present in the flu vaccine, which is given to pregnant

women,
the elderly, and children. Also, many vaccines given to children in
developing countries still contain Thimerosal.

In the 2005 issue of NeuroToxicology, the authors of a study examine
the toxicity of Thimerosal within the body including neurons. They
examine the neurotoxic mechanisms, how the body detoxifies mercury,

and
the use of N-Acetylcysteine, or NAC for short, in facilitating the
detoxification pathway within the body.

Glutathione, a tripeptide composed of cysteine, glutamate, and

glycine,
is manufactured in the liver and also in the brain. Normally, the
concentrations of glutathione in the cells are quite high providing

for
detoxification of a variety of heavy metals including mercury.

However,
when this essential antioxidant is depleted the excess mercury can

bind
to internal cellular proteins leading to toxic damage. Studies have
shown that, "low micromolar concentrations of Thimerosal induced DNA
strand breaks, caspase-3 activation, membrane damage and cell death."

Although the brain can produce glutathione, it can only manufacture
this from its immediate precursor cysteine. The liver, on the other
hand, is able through a long series of biochemical steps to create
glutathione from methionine. Methionine is an essential amino acid

that
supplies the body with sulfur and methyl groups. The liver uses a
number of enzyme systems along with various B vitamins to produce
glutathione. The liver then exports the glutathione to the blood that
then is broken down to cystine. Cystine crosses the blood-brain

barrier
to be used by the brain to make glutathione. Thus, the brain is

reliant
on the liver to manufacture chemicals to keep it free from toxins.

The brain contains neurons and other cells called astrocytes.
Astrocytes use the cystine that crosses the blood-brain barrier to

make
glutathione. The astrocytes then export the glutathione to the space
between the cells where it is broken down to cysteine. The neurons

take
up the cysteine and manufacture glutathione. This complex series of
biochemical events is what is necessary to keep the brain free from
heavy metal damage.

The authors first examined the level of Thimerosal that would cause
toxic damage to cells. They found that the higher the concentration

of
Thimerosal the greater the number of cells that were killed although
the nerve cell response occurred with only a 3 hour exposure, whereas
the other cell line required a 48 hour exposure demonstrating that
nerve cells are more sensitive to Thimerosal toxicity. "In both cell
lines, a progressive increase in cytotoxicity (decrease in viability)
was observed when Thimerosal dose was progressively doubled from 2.5
=B5mol/L [micromoles per liter] to 5, 10, and 20 =B5mol/L. Viability

was
reduced more than 50% in both cell lines with exposure to 10 =B5mol/L
Thimerosal and less than 10% of cells survived a dose of 20 =B5mol/L."

The authors then pretreated cells with NAC before adding a dose of 15
=B5mol/L Thimerosal. They found that, "Thimerosal alone induced more
than a 6-fold decrease in viability", and that NAC, "provided
significant protection against cell death". The authors note,
"Thimerosal induces oxidative stress and apoptosis by activating
mitochondrial cell death pathways. A subsequent study using cultured
human neuron and fibroblast cell lines similarly showed that low
micromolar concentrations of Thimerosal induced DNA strand breaks,
caspase-3 activation, membrane damage and cell death."

The authors conclude that, "numerous clinical studies have
demonstrated the efficacy of NAC in increasing intracellular
glutathione levels and reducing oxidative stress in humans. Since
cytotoxicity with both ethyl- and methyl- mercury have been shown to

be
mediated by glutathione depletion, dietary supplements that increase
intracellular glutathione could be envisioned as an effective
intervention to reduce previous or anticipated exposure to mercury.
This approach would be especially valuable in the elderly and in
pregnant women receiving Rho D immunoglobulin shots, and individuals
who regularly consume mercury-containing fish."
SOURCE: NeuroToxicology, Vol. 26, 2005, pp. 1-8


  #3  
Old January 12th 05, 03:56 AM
external usenet poster
 
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Default

A press release about Mercury in Thimerosal from the National Vaccine
Information Center in July of 1999 press pointed out that, "The
cumulative effects of ingesting mercury can cause brain damage." During
this same month, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) alerted the public
about the possible health effects associated with thimerosal-containing
vaccines. These health-related organizations strongly recommended that
thimerosal be removed from vaccines as soon as possible. Under the
directive of the FDA Modernization Act of 1997, the Food and Drug
Administration also determined that infants who received several
thimerosal-containing vaccines may be receiving mercury exposure over
and above the recommended federal guidelines. The link between
thimerosal and autism and other learning disabilities has continued to
be argued for decades. Thimerosal is 49.6% ethylmercury and was widely
used since the 1940s in over the counter drugs. After being banned in
1998 from over the counter drugs, thimerosal is still found in some
vaccines. Mercury is the second most toxic substance known to man
behind uranium. N-Acetylcysteine or NAC is mentioned in your
artiicle which states how helpful it is in facilitating the
detoxification pathway within the body. NAC is produced in living
organisms from the amino acid cysteine. Thus, NAC is a natural
sulfur-containing amino acid derivative found naturally in foods and is
a powerful antioxidant. These dual properties help repair oxidative
damage in the body. Being a powerful anti-oxidant and cell
detoxification co-factor, NAC works to eliminate your body of free
radicals and heavy metals. In short, it improves your cellular health
tremendously and is currently the dietary supplement of choice for
building up cysteine or conserving the body's store of Glutathione,
This is very crucial for the body's life functions, as NAC helps the
body neutralize toxins, heavy metals, such as mercury from dental
amalgam fillings, cadmium and lead from paint and cigarette smoke. The
Sulfhydryl balance has also been linked to enhance resistance to viral
infections. Taken regularly over a period of time, NAC will remove many
toxic heavy metals from the body.

  #4  
Old January 14th 05, 05:13 AM
David Wright
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Posts: n/a
Default

In article . com,
wrote:
A press release about Mercury in Thimerosal from the National Vaccine
Information Center in July of 1999 press pointed out that, "The
cumulative effects of ingesting mercury can cause brain damage." During
this same month, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) alerted the public
about the possible health effects associated with thimerosal-containing
vaccines. These health-related organizations strongly recommended that
thimerosal be removed from vaccines as soon as possible.


This has now been done. To the surprise of nobody other than the
anti-mercury fanatics, autism has not become a thing of the past.

Under thedirective of the FDA Modernization Act of 1997, the Food
and Drug Administration also determined that infants who received
several thimerosal-containing vaccines may be receiving mercury
exposure over and above the recommended federal guidelines.


Well, not really. Also, it does appear that the body clears
ethylmercury very quickly, so the exposure is short.

The link between thimerosal and autism and other learning
disabilities has continued to be argued for decades.


Because the anti-thimerosal people don't want to give up on it.

Thimerosal is 49.6% ethylmercury and was widely used since the 1940s
in over the counter drugs. After being banned in 1998 from over the
counter drugs, thimerosal is still found in some vaccines.


Though flu vaccine is the only such vaccine that is also recommended
for children.

Mercury is the second most toxic substance known to man behind
uranium.


No, it's not. Not even close. Nor is uranium the most toxic
substance known.

silly blurb about NAC snipped -- though it may be good for people
taking lithium carbonate, to help reduce liver toxicity

-- David Wright :: alphabeta at prodigy.net
These are my opinions only, but they're almost always correct.
"If I have not seen as far as others, it is because giants
were standing on my shoulders." (Hal Abelson, MIT)



  #5  
Old January 14th 05, 04:17 PM
Mark Probert
external usenet poster
 
Posts: n/a
Default


wrote in message
ups.com...

Thimerosal is 49.6% ethylmercury


Anyone who took a high school chemistry course can see how bogus this claim
is. I'll give you a hint:

The 49.6% number is the percentage that the mercury atom in thimerosal is as
part of the molecular weight.

Now, explain why this percentage is significant (other than being a large
percentage).



  #7  
Old January 15th 05, 09:37 AM
john
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Default


"Peter Bowditch" wrote in message
Note also that the statement "Thimerosal is 49.6% ethylmercury" is
contrary to the teachings of His Holiness Professor Boyd Haley, who in
a personal communication with me said "mercury is 49.59% of the weight
of thimerosal". He was talking about elemental mercury at the time,
not the chemical compound ethylmercury.

Unless, of course, the writer was referring to a claim made elsewhere
by Dr Haley where he contradicted himself.


it is sad you pharma morons are reduced to claiming thimerosol is somehow
safe by barfing about the mercury content and toxicity.

http://www.nomercury.org/Is_Mercury_Dangerous.htm
Specific Toxicities of Thimerosal

After years of medical practice, many physicians and other health
professionals were indeed shocked to learn that most vaccines used over the
years actually contained up to 25 micrograms of ethyl mercury. Ethyl
mercury, despite what some have professed, has a very similar toxicological
profile as the dreaded methyl mercury found in water, fish, and soil.

As a physician, I was recently shocked by the comments of a neighboring
state's chief epidemiologist who informed a state legislator (who was
considering a "ban Thimerosal" bill) that ethyl mercury, compared to methyl
mercury, was safe because ethyl alcohol was safe and methyl alcohol wasn't.
Of course, any high school chemistry student knows better. Would this same
epidemiologist take an injection of ethyl plutonium?

In fact, there have been many peer-reviewed studies that addressed
Thimerosal specifically. Here are just a few highlights:

The comparative toxicology of ethyl- and methyl mercury by Magos, Brown,
Sparrow, Bailey, et al published in the Archives of Toxicology (1985) 57:
260-267., has stated:

"There was little difference in the neurotoxicities of methylmercury and
ethylmercury when effects on the dorsal root ganglia or coordination
disorders were compared."


  #8  
Old January 15th 05, 03:16 PM
Mark Probert
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Posts: n/a
Default


"john" wrote in message
...

"Peter Bowditch" wrote in message
Note also that the statement "Thimerosal is 49.6% ethylmercury" is
contrary to the teachings of His Holiness Professor Boyd Haley, who in
a personal communication with me said "mercury is 49.59% of the weight
of thimerosal". He was talking about elemental mercury at the time,
not the chemical compound ethylmercury.

Unless, of course, the writer was referring to a claim made elsewhere
by Dr Haley where he contradicted himself.


it is sad you pharma morons are reduced to claiming thimerosol is somehow
safe by barfing about the mercury content and toxicity.


It is sad that you anti-vac murderers of children are reduced to claiming
that thimerosal is somehow unsafe by posting your cleanses about the mercury
content to imply toxicity.



  #9  
Old January 16th 05, 11:13 PM
David Wright
external usenet poster
 
Posts: n/a
Default

In article ,
john wrote:

"Peter Bowditch" wrote in message
Note also that the statement "Thimerosal is 49.6% ethylmercury" is
contrary to the teachings of His Holiness Professor Boyd Haley, who in
a personal communication with me said "mercury is 49.59% of the weight
of thimerosal". He was talking about elemental mercury at the time,
not the chemical compound ethylmercury.

Unless, of course, the writer was referring to a claim made elsewhere
by Dr Haley where he contradicted himself.


it is sad you pharma morons are reduced to claiming thimerosol is somehow
safe by barfing about the mercury content and toxicity.

http://www.nomercury.org/Is_Mercury_Dangerous.htm
Specific Toxicities of Thimerosal

After years of medical practice, many physicians and other health
professionals were indeed shocked to learn that most vaccines used over the
years actually contained up to 25 micrograms of ethyl mercury. Ethyl
mercury, despite what some have professed, has a very similar toxicological
profile as the dreaded methyl mercury found in water, fish, and soil.

As a physician, I was recently shocked by the comments of a neighboring
state's chief epidemiologist who informed a state legislator (who was
considering a "ban Thimerosal" bill) that ethyl mercury, compared to methyl
mercury, was safe because ethyl alcohol was safe and methyl alcohol wasn't.
Of course, any high school chemistry student knows better. Would this same
epidemiologist take an injection of ethyl plutonium?

In fact, there have been many peer-reviewed studies that addressed
Thimerosal specifically. Here are just a few highlights:

The comparative toxicology of ethyl- and methyl mercury by Magos, Brown,
Sparrow, Bailey, et al published in the Archives of Toxicology (1985) 57:
260-267., has stated:

"There was little difference in the neurotoxicities of methylmercury and
ethylmercury when effects on the dorsal root ganglia or coordination
disorders were compared."


As a person who can read and then comprehend what he reads, I was not
at all shocked that Scudamore would screw up again and post this
nearly meaningless study as if it were some sort of evidence against
the use of thimerosal in vaccines.

Here's one good quote from the abstract:

Based on both criteria, an equimolar dose of ethylmercury was less
neurotoxic than methylmercury

So we're off to a fine start. But more importantly, and this is not
at all surprising when you consider what a scientific illiterate
Scudamore is, the usefulness of this study (for applicability to
vaccines) is near zero. Here's why:

1) The study was done in rats, not humans.
2) The rats were being administered 8.0 or 9.6 *milligrams* (per
kilogram of body weight) of mercury compounds five times per day.
(The abstract does not say how long this went on.)
3) The compound administered was ethylmercuric chloride or
methylmercuric chloride.

But it's point 2 in the list above that really makes the difference.
If you translate the dosage to, say, a 5 kg (11 lb) infant, that
infant would be getting at least 40 milligrams of mercury PER DAY.

In order to get that much from a thimerosal-containing vaccine, the
infant would have to receive 1600 vaccine injections PER DAY. (Well,
that's approximate, since the rats weren't getting that sort of
injection, but close enough.)

The fact that the rats were taking some nerve damage, but not just
dropping dead on the spot, shows that the mercury is less toxic than I
would have expected.

What's more important is that other studies have shown that mercury in
vaccines is not the horror that the anti-vac/angy-Hg loons attempt to
portray. For example, Pichichero et al, "Mercury concentrations and
metabolism in infants receiving vaccines containing thiomersal: a
descriptive study." (Lancet Nov 30 2002) has this:

FINDINGS: Mean mercury doses in infants exposed to thiomersal were
45.6 microg (range 37.5-62.5) for 2-month-olds and 111.3 microg
(range 87.5-175.0) for 6-month-olds. Blood mercury in
thiomersal-exposed 2-month-olds ranged from less than 3.75 to 20.55
nmol/L (parts per billion); in 6-month-olds all values were lower
than 7.50 nmol/L. Only one of 15 blood samples from controls
contained quantifiable mercury. Concentrations of mercury were low
in urine after vaccination but were high in stools of
thiomersal-exposed 2-month-olds (mean 82 ng/g dry weight) and in
6-month-olds (mean 58 ng/g dry weight). Estimated blood half-life of
ethylmercury was 7 days (95% CI 4-10 days). INTERPRETATION:
Administration of vaccines containing thiomersal does not seem to
raise blood concentrations of mercury above safe values in
infants. Ethylmercury seems to be eliminated from blood rapidly via
the stools after parenteral administration of thiomersal in
vaccines.

Meanwhile, here's a 2003 J. Appl Toxicol. paper by Magos:

The decomposition rate of organomercurials and the potency of the
blood-brain barrier increase with the size of the organic
radical. Thus methylmercury damages the brain more than thimerosal
does, and when intake limits set for methylmercury are applied to
thimerosal the safety margin is increased even if the clearances
were the same. However, the clearance half-time of ethylmercury in
adults is about one-third of the 50 days' clearance half-time of
methylmercury given for 60 kg body weight. Moreover, because
metabolic rates (e.g. basal metabolism, daily loss of mercury in per
cent of body burden) in different weight groups are related to the
fractional power of body weight (rule of allometry), mercury clears
from the infant body faster than from the adult body. Blood mercury
concentrations observed after vaccination showed agreement with
allometrically extrapolated concentrations. Copyright 2003 John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


-- David Wright :: alphabeta at prodigy.net
These are my opinions only, but they're almost always correct.
"If I have not seen as far as others, it is because giants
were standing on my shoulders." (Hal Abelson, MIT)



  #10  
Old January 17th 05, 07:41 PM
Kevysmom
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Posts: n/a
Default

Pregnant women were "Injected" with mercury via Rhogam or the flu vaccine
with 25-35 mcg of Mercury. The EPA limit for "INGESTING" mercury is 6 mcg
for a 132 lb person. There is no safe limit on INJECTING mercury into a
pregnant woman, Mercury crosses over the placenta and targets the brain of
a fetus, the fetus has no blood brain barrier to protect itself from the
mercury. Mercury is a Neurotoxin....What do you think happens to a fetal
brain after mercury makes its way there???


Methyl-mercury, usually from contaminated food, is very dangerous to
pregnant women. Methyl-mercury causes profound mental retardation,
cerebral
palsy, seizures, spasticity, tremors, and incoordination, along with
eye and
hearing damage in the unborn baby as a result of the mother's
exposure.
Organic mercury passes into the breast milk as well.


The effect of thimerosal, an organomercurial preservative in
vaccines, on cerebellar neurons dissociated from 2-week-old rats was
compared with those of methylmercury using a flow cytometer with
appropriate fluorescent dyes. Thimerosal and methylmercury at
concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 10 microM increased the
intracellular concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in a concentration-
dependent manner. The potency of 10 microM thimerosal to increase
the [Ca2+]i was less than that of 10 microM methylmercury. Their
effects on the [Ca2+]i were greatly attenuated, but not completely
suppressed, under external Ca(2+)-free condition, suggesting a
possibility that both agents increase membrane Ca2+ permeability and
release Ca2+ from intracellular calcium stores. The effect of 10
microM thimerosal was not affected by simultaneous application of 30
microM L-cysteine whereas that of 10 microM methylmercury was
significantly suppressed. The potency of thimerosal was similar to
that of methylmercury in the presence of L-cysteine. Both agents at
1 microM or more similarly decreased the cellular content of
glutathione in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting an
increase in oxidative stress. Results indicate that thimerosal
exerts some cytotoxic actions on cerebellar granule neurons
dissociated from 2-week-old rats and its potency is almost similar
to that of methylmercury.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14698570&dopt=Abs tract



It should be noted that this research study compared equal doses of
methylmercury and thimerosal. However, thimerosal is only 1/2 mercury
(ethylmercury), so the authors should have compared 1/2 dose
thimerosal
with 1 dose methylmercury. The conclusion would then be that
ethylmercury is equally potent to methylmercury in increasing Ca2++.
The
study also says that unlike methylmercury (which is usually bound to
cysteine in a cell) thimerosal's potency is unaffected by presence of
L-cysteine in the neuron, so under in vivo conditions the effects of
ethylmercury are likely greater (by a factor or 2) than methyl.
Finally,
the study shows that thimerosal is more potent than methyl in
decreasing
glutathione levels in the cell, which is what other researchers
have/are
finding as well.


Effects of Mercury Administered during Pregnancy
A reader named "Donna" contacted Midwifery Today E-News with an
informal study she conducted of mothers who were "injected" with
mercury while pregnant. She started with her own story:


http://www.midwiferytoday.com/enews/enews0624.asp?



Donna (mother to a profoundly MERCURY poisoned child)






 




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