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peer reviewed research on co-sleeping (it's more dangerous than cot-sleeping)
This is a annotated bibliography covering the safety of co-sleeping
with infants. I have included EVERY study, which I can find an on-line abstract (or the entire paper is on line) in English, which meets the following criteria: 1. The research was published in 2000 or later. 2. The research was peer reviewed. 3. The research focused on actual death rates (not suspected causes or mechanisms). 4. The research compared death rates for co-sleepers vs. non-co-sleepers. 5. The research was done in developed (not third world) countries. This bibliography does NOT include editorials, opinion pieces, or letters to the editor. The main sources for these abstracts were PubMed, SCIRUS, and web archives of medical journals. If you find any other studies, please tell me, so I can add them. Summary: of the seven studies found, six found co-sleeping to be more dangerous than cot sleeping, and one study found no added danger from co-sleeping. No study found co-sleeping safer than cat sleeping. Not one. Quotes from the Research: "The most conservative estimate showed that the risk of suffocation increased by 20-fold when infants were placed to sleep in adult beds rather than in cribs. The public should be clearly informed of the attendant risks." [SCHE03] "Almost all SIDS deaths in Alaska occurred in association with prone sleeping, bed sharing, or sleeping outside a crib." [GESS01] "bed sharing showed an increased risk of dying accidentally, when compared with infants sleeping in designated infant containers" [BEAL00] "Bed-sharing appears to increase the proportion of unexplained deaths, regardless of the position of the infant." [THOG00] The Papers: [BEAL00] Sudden infant death syndrome in South Australia 1968-97. Part 3: is bed sharing safe for infants? Beal SM, Byard RW J Paediatr Child Health 2000 Dec 36:552-4 http://reviews.bmn.com/medline/searc...9&refer=scirus "bed sharing showed an increased risk of dying accidentally, when compared with infants sleeping in designated infant containers" [CARR01] Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Bedsharing, Parental Weight, and Age at Death Cindie Carroll-Pankhurst and Edward A. Mortimer Jr PEDIATRICS Vol. 107 No. 3 March 2001, pp. 530-536 http://pediatrics.aappublications.or...ode=pediatrics "By demonstrating that among an urban population at high risk for SIDS, bedsharing is strongly associated with a younger age at death, independent of any other factors, this study provides evidence of a relationship between some SIDS-like deaths and parent-infant bedsharing, particularly if the parent is large." [GESS01] Association between sudden infant death syndrome and prone sleep position, bed sharing, and sleeping outside an infant crib in Alaska. Gessner BD, Ives GC, Perham-Hester KA. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/q...&dopt=Abstract "Almost all SIDS deaths in Alaska occurred in association with prone sleeping, bed sharing, or sleeping outside a crib." [IYAS03] Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome among northern plains Indians. Iyasu S, Randall LL, Welty TK, Hsia J, Kinney HC, Mandell F, McClain M, Randall B, Habbe D, Wilson H, Willinger M. JAMA. 2002 Dec 4;288(21):2717-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/q...&dopt=Abstract Found that infants who died were more likely to co-sleep (59.4% vs. 55.4%), but this relation was not statistically significant. [SCHE03] Where Should Infants Sleep? A Comparison of Risk for Suffocation of Infants Sleeping in Cribs, Adult Beds, and Other Sleeping Locations N. J. Scheers, PhD, George W. Rutherford, MS and James S. Kemp, MD PEDIATRICS Vol. 112 No. 4 October 2003, pp. 883-889 http://pediatrics.aappublications.or...ode=pediatrics "Reported deaths of infants who suffocated on sleep surfaces other than those designed for infants are increasing. The most conservative estimate showed that the risk of suffocation increased by 20-fold when infants were placed to sleep in adult beds rather than in cribs. The public should be clearly informed of the attendant risks." [THOG00] Sleep position and bed-sharing in sudden infant deaths: An examination of autopsy findings Jon R. Thogmartin MD, Charles F. Siebert, Jr MD and William A. Pellan AS From Palm Beach County Medical Examiner Office, West Palm Beach, Florida. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science...f85336bdc6f88d The Journal of Pediatrics Volume 138, Issue 2 , February 2001, Pages 212-217 "Bed-sharing appears to increase the proportion of unexplained deaths, regardless of the position of the infant." [WILL03] Are risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome different at night? Williams SM, Mitchell EA, Taylor BJ. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand. Arch Dis Child. 2002 Oct;87(4):274-8. "The interactions between time of death and bed sharing, not sleeping in a cot or bassinet, ... [several other factors] were also significant, or almost so." Papers Not Listed [ARNE01] Changes in the epidemiological pattern of sudden infant death syndrome in southeast Norway, 1984-1998: implications for future prevention and research. Arnestad M, Andersen M, Vege A , Rognum TO Arch Dis Child 2001 Aug 85:108-15 "For SIDS victims, an increase in the number of infants found dead while co-sleeping is seen" This paper was not included above because it was unclear if the quote was due to the popularity of co-sleeping, or if the rate of death was increasing. [WILL01] Scott Med J. 2001 Apr;46(2):43-7. Sudden unexpected infant deaths in Dundee, 1882-1891: overlying or SIDS? Williams FL, Lang GA, Mage DT. "It might be prudent to inform parents that co-sleeping is a risk factor for SIDS and that it should therefore be avoided." Although this study technically fulfills all the requirements, it's focus on deaths over 100 years ago caused me not to list it above. [MUKA99] Leg Med (Tokyo). 1999 Sep;1(1):18-24. Sleeping environments as risk factors of sudden infant death syndrome in Japan. Mukai T, Tamaki N, Sato Y, Ohno Y, Miyazaki T, Nagamori H, Hara S, Endo T. Department of Forensic Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 160-8402, Tokyo, Japan "In addition, the co-sleeping habit, which was not uncommon in Japan, seems to contribute to certain deaths of infants whose causes of death were controversial. In the investigation of SIDS, therefore, the sleeping environments, such as bedclothes and the co-sleeping habit, as well as the sleeping position should be taken into consideration as risk factors." This study was published one year before my cut-off, so it is not included above. However because many people claim data from Japan shows the safety of co-sleeping, including it here. Complaints About These Papers Mostly TBD, but here is a start: .... Some Famous Papers That Didn't Make It (and Why) The McKenna papers are very popular on AP and co-sleeping web sites, but none are included for two reasons: they are all way too old, and none of them measured actualy death rates in children. Really! These papers which supposedly justify co-sleeping as an anti-SIDS method NEVER studied babies who died of SIDS! A more serious problem with McKenna's work is that it was based on a discredited theory of SIDS. The modern view of McKenna work is that is shows a serious problem with co-sleeping. That co-sleeping infants are under stress. For example: [HUNS02] The sleep of co-sleeping infants when they are not co-sleeping: evidence that co-sleeping is stressful Hunsley M, Thoman EB Dev Psychobiol. 2002 Jan;40(1):14-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/q...&dopt=Abstract "Each of these differences indicates a markedly lower arousal level in the long-term co-sleeping infants. This sleep pattern has been repeatedly found to be an indicator of stress. We infer that a major source of stress for these infants is the experience of sleep disturbance documented for infants when they were co-sleeping. Based on extensive evidence for long-term effects of early stress, we conclude that co-sleeping should have significant implications for infants' neurobehavioral development." The famous 1999 study by the Consumer Product Safty Commission (a US government department responsible for regulating cribs and beds) is not included here because it was published one year before the cut off. It found serious risk associated with co-sleeping, just as all the studies here did. Many people ask about Dr. Sears's research, but I can not find a single peer-reviewed paper every published by Dr. Sears. I have looked at some of his web pages, and although they often state that co-sleeping is protective of SIDS, the papers he cites are typically very hold (mid 1980s to 1990s). He cites papers my McKenna and others in the same lab: Moska, and Richard, which did not study infants with SIDS at all. Other web pages I've seen have vague references to "New Zealand studies" or "British studies", which are not specific enough to track down. |
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peer reviewed research on co-sleeping (it's more dangerous than cot-sleeping)
Joshua Levy wrote:
Summary: of the seven studies found, six found co-sleeping to be more dangerous than cot sleeping, and one study found no added danger from co-sleeping. No study found co-sleeping safer than cat sleeping. Not one. The Papers: [BEAL00] Sudden infant death syndrome in South Australia 1968-97. Part 3: is bed sharing safe for infants? Beal SM, Byard RW J Paediatr Child Health 2000 Dec 36:552-4 http://reviews.bmn.com/medline/searc...9&refer=scirus "bed sharing showed an increased risk of dying accidentally, when compared with infants sleeping in designated infant containers" No evidence in the abstract that any analysis was done regarding whether co-sleeping was done according to the guidelines for safe co-sleeping. [CARR01] Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Bedsharing, Parental Weight, and Age at Death Cindie Carroll-Pankhurst and Edward A. Mortimer Jr PEDIATRICS Vol. 107 No. 3 March 2001, pp. 530-536 http://pediatrics.aappublications.or...ode=pediatrics "By demonstrating that among an urban population at high risk for Again, no evidence that there was any analysis considering whether deaths occured when safe co-sleeping guidelines were followed or not. [GESS01] Association between sudden infant death syndrome and prone sleep position, bed sharing, and sleeping outside an infant crib in Alaska. Gessner BD, Ives GC, Perham-Hester KA. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/q...&dopt=Abstract "Almost all SIDS deaths in Alaska occurred in association with prone sleeping, bed sharing, or sleeping outside a crib." But you neglected this part of the abstract: "Of 40 infants who slept with a parent at the time of death, only 1 infant who slept supine with a non-drug-using parent on an adult nonwater mattress was identified." Therefore, one can surmise that every other infant who died of SIDS while sleeping with a parent were not supine, were sleeping with a drug-using parent, or were on a waterbed-- all clearly prohibited by safe co-sleeping guidelines. [IYAS03] Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome among northern plains Indians. Iyasu S, Randall LL, Welty TK, Hsia J, Kinney HC, Mandell F, McClain M, Randall B, Habbe D, Wilson H, Willinger M. JAMA. 2002 Dec 4;288(21):2717-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/q...&dopt=Abstract Found that infants who died were more likely to co-sleep (59.4% vs. 55.4%), but this relation was not statistically significant. ...so nothing to take to the bank here... [SCHE03] Where Should Infants Sleep? A Comparison of Risk for Suffocation of Infants Sleeping in Cribs, Adult Beds, and Other Sleeping Locations N. J. Scheers, PhD, George W. Rutherford, MS and James S. Kemp, MD PEDIATRICS Vol. 112 No. 4 October 2003, pp. 883-889 http://pediatrics.aappublications.or...ode=pediatrics ...again, no information on analysis taking safe co-sleeping guidelines into account. [THOG00] Sleep position and bed-sharing in sudden infant deaths: An examination of autopsy findings Jon R. Thogmartin MD, Charles F. Siebert, Jr MD and William A. Pellan AS From Palm Beach County Medical Examiner Office, West Palm Beach, Florida. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science...f85336bdc6f88d The Journal of Pediatrics Volume 138, Issue 2 , February 2001, Pages 212-217 ...still no analysis taking safe co-sleeping guidelines into account. So, I have yet to see any evidence that co-sleeping while following safe co-sleeping guidelines is a problem. Got any evidence there? Best wishes, Ericka |
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